Section 4. ATC Clearances and Aircraft Separation 4-4-1. Clearance 4-4-2. Clearance Prefix 4-4-3. Clearance Items . 4-4-4. Amended Clearances 4-4-5. Coded Departure Route (CDR) . 4-4-6. Special VFR Clearances 4-4-7. Pilot Responsibility upon Clearance Issuance 4-4-8. IFR Clearance VFR-on-top . 4-4-9. VFR/IFR Flights 4-4-10. Adherence to Clearance . 4-4-11. IFR Separation Standards . 4-4-12. Speed Adjustments . 4-4-13. Runway Separation . 4-4-14. Visual Separation 4-4-15. Use of Visual Clearing Procedures and Scanning Techniques 4-4-16. Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS I & II) 4-4-17. Traffic Information Service (TIS) . 4-4-1 4-4-1 4-4-1 4-4-3 4-4-3 4-4-3 4-4-4 4-4-5 4-4-6 4-4-6 4-4-8 4-4-8 4-4-11 4-4-11 4-4-12 4-4-13 4-4-14 Section 5. Surveillance Systems 4-5-1. Radar . 4-5-2. Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) . 4-5-3. Surveillance Radar 4-5-4. Precision Approach Radar (PAR) 4-5-5. Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE-X)/Airport Surface Surveillance Capability (ASSC) 4-5-6. Traffic Information Service (TIS) 4-5-7. Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Services . 4-5-8. Traffic Information Service- Broadcast (TIS-B) 4-5-9. Flight Information Service- Broadcast (FIS-B) . 4-5-10. Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Rebroadcast (ADS-R) 4-5-1 4-5-3 4-5-10 4-5-10 4-5-10 4-5-12 4-5-18 4-5-23 4-5-24 4-5-27 Section 6. Operational Policy/Procedures for Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) in the Domestic U.S., Alaska, Offshore Airspace and the San Juan FIR 4-6-1. Applicability and RVSM Mandate (Date/Time and Area) . 4-6-2. Flight Level Orientation Scheme 4-6-3. Aircraft and Operator Approval Policy/Procedures, RVSM Monitoring and Databases for Aircraft and Operator Approval 4-6-4. Flight Planning into RVSM Airspace . 4-6-5. Pilot RVSM Operating Practices and Procedures . 4-6-6. Guidance on Severe Turbulence and Mountain Wave Activity (MWA) . 4-6-7. Guidance on Wake Turbulence 4-6-8. Pilot/Controller Phraseology 4-6-9. Contingency Actions: Weather Encounters and Aircraft System Failures that Occur After Entry into RVSM Airspace 4-6-10. Procedures for Accommodation of Non-RVSM Aircraft . 4-6-11. Non-RVSM Aircraft Requesting Climb to and Descent from Flight Levels Above RVSM Airspace Without Intermediate Level Off . Table of Contents 4-6-1 4-6-1 4-6-2 4-6-3 4-6-4 4-6-4 4-6-6 4-6-6 4-6-7 4-6-9 4-6-10