airspace. It is acceptable to allow RNAV systems to determine a recommended holding speed that is at or below
the maximum holding speed.
[c] Helicopter holding is based on a minimum airspeed of 90 KIAS.
(2) Advise ATC immediately if unable to comply with the maximum holding airspeed and request an
alternate clearance.
NOTE-
Speeds above the maximum or published holding speed may be necessary due to turbulence, icing, etc. Exceeding maximum
holding airspeed may result in aircraft excursions beyond the holding pattern protected airspace. In a non-radar
environment, the pilot should advise ATC that they cannot accept the assigned hold.

(3) Ensure the RNAV system applies the proper time and speed restrictions to a holding pattern. This
is especially critical when climbing or descending to a holding pattern altitude where time and speed restrictions
are different than at the present aircraft altitude.
(b) Bank Angle. For holding not involving the use of RNAV lateral guidance, make all turns during entry
and while holding at:
(1) 3 degrees per second, or
(2) 30 degree bank angle, or
(3) 25 degree bank angle, provided a flight director system is used.
NOTE-
Use whichever requires the least bank angle.

(4) When using RNAV lateral guidance to conduct holding, it is acceptable to permit the RNAV system
to calculate the appropriate bank angle for the outbound and inbound turns. Do not use flight guidance system
bank angle limiting functions of less than 25 degrees unless the feature is not pilot-selectable, required by the
aircraft limitations, or its use is necessary to comply with the aircraft"s minimum maneuvering speed margins.
If the bank angle must be limited to less than 25 degrees, advise ATC that additional area for holding is required.
(c) Compensate for wind effect primarily by drift correction on the inbound and outbound legs. When
outbound, triple the inbound drift correction to avoid major turning adjustments; for example, if correcting left
by 8 degrees when inbound, correct right by 24 degrees when outbound.
(d) Determine entry turn from aircraft heading upon arrival at the holding fix; +/- 5 degrees in heading
is considered to be within allowable good operating limits for determining entry. When using RNAV lateral
guidance for holding, it is permissible to allow the system to compute the holding entry.
(e) RNAV lateral guidance may execute a fly-by turn beginning at an excessively large distance from the
holding fix. Reducing speed to the maximum holding speed at least 3 minutes prior to reaching the holding fix
and using the recommended 25 degree bank angle will reduce potential excursions beyond protected airspace.
(f) When RNAV guidance is used for holding, pilots should be prepared to intervene if the turn from
outbound leg to the inbound leg does not begin within a reasonable distance of the charted leg length, especially
when holding is used as a course reversal HILPT. Pilot intervention is not required when holding in an
ATC-assigned holding pattern that is not charted. However, notify ATC when the outbound leg length becomes
excessive when RNAV guidance is used for holding.
k. When holding at a fix and instructions are received specifying the time of departure from the fix, the pilot
should adjust the aircraft"s flight path within the limits of the established holding pattern in order to leave the
fix at the exact time specified. After departing the holding fix, normal speed is to be resumed with respect to other
governing speed requirements, such as terminal area speed limits, specific ATC requests, etc. Where the fix is
associated with an instrument approach and timed approaches are in effect, a procedure turn must not be executed
unless the pilot advises ATC, since aircraft holding are expected to proceed inbound on final approach directly
from the holding pattern when approach clearance is received.

En Route Procedures

5-3-29