AIM
11/3/22
(b)
Understand the limitations of ADS
−
B In.
In certain airspace, not all aircraft will be equipped
with ADS
−
B Out or transponders and will not be
visible on your ADS
−
B In display.
(c)
Limit the amount of time that you focus on
flight instruments or tablets.
(d)
Develop a strategic approach to scanning
for traffic. Scan the entire sky and try not to focus
straight ahead.
4
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4
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16. Traffic Alert and Collision
Avoidance System (TCAS I & II)
a. TCAS I
provides proximity warning only, to
assist the pilot in the visual acquisition of intruder
aircraft. No recommended avoidance maneuvers are
provided nor authorized as a direct result of a TCAS I
warning. It is intended for use by smaller commuter
aircraft holding 10 to 30 passenger seats, and general
aviation aircraft.
b. TCAS II
provides traffic advisories (TA) and
resolution advisories (RA). Resolution advisories
provide recommended maneuvers in a vertical
direction (climb or descend only) to avoid conflicting
traffic. Transport category aircraft, and larger
commuter and business aircraft holding 31 passenger
seats or more, are required to be TCAS II equipped.
1.
When a TA occurs, attempt to establish visual
contact with the traffic but do not deviate from an
assigned clearance based only on TA information.
2.
When an RA occurs, pilots should respond
immediately to the RA displays and maneuver as
indicated unless doing so would jeopardize the safe
operation of the flight, or the flight crew can ensure
separation with the help of definitive visual
acquisition of the aircraft causing the RA.
3.
Each pilot who deviates from an ATC
clearance in response to an RA must notify ATC of
that deviation as soon as practicable, and notify ATC
when clear of conflict and returning to their
previously assigned clearance.
c.
Deviations from rules, policies, or clearances
should be kept to the minimum necessary to satisfy an
RA. Most RA maneuvering requires minimum
excursion from assigned altitude.
d.
The serving IFR air traffic facility is not
responsible to provide approved standard IFR
separation to an IFR aircraft, from other aircraft,
terrain, or obstructions after an RA maneuver until
one of the following conditions exists:
1.
The aircraft has returned to its assigned
altitude and course.
2.
Alternate ATC instructions have been issued.
3.
A crew member informs ATC that the TCAS
maneuver has been completed.
NOTE
−
TCAS does not alter or diminish the pilot’s basic authority
and responsibility to ensure safe flight. Since TCAS does
not respond to aircraft which are not transponder equipped
or aircraft with a transponder failure, TCAS alone does not
ensure safe separation in every case. At this time, no air
traffic service nor handling is predicated on the
availability of TCAS equipment in the aircraft.
4
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4
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17. Traffic Information Service (TIS)
a.
TIS provides proximity warning only, to assist
the pilot in the visual acquisition of intruder aircraft.
No recommended avoidance maneuvers are provided
nor authorized as a direct result of a TIS intruder
display or TIS alert. It is intended for use by aircraft
in which TCAS is not required.
b.
TIS does not alter or diminish the pilot’s basic
authority and responsibility to ensure safe flight.
Since TIS does not respond to aircraft which are not
transponder equipped, aircraft with a transponder
failure, or aircraft out of radar coverage, TIS alone
does not ensure safe separation in every case.
c.
At this time, no air traffic service nor handling
is predicated on the availability of TIS equipment in
the aircraft.
d.
Presently, no air traffic services or handling is
predicated on the availability of an ADS
−
B cockpit
display. A “traffic
−
in
−
sight” reply to ATC must be
based on seeing an aircraft out
−
the
−
window, NOT on
the cockpit display.
4
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4
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12
ATC Clearances and Aircraft Separation