d. Federal Aviation Regulations (14 CFR Sec
tion 91.171) provides for certain VOR equipment
accuracy checks prior to flight under instrument
flight rules. To comply with this requirement and to
ensure satisfactory operation of the airborne system,
the FAA has provided pilots with the following means
of checking VOR receiver accuracy:
1. VOT or a radiated test signal from an
appropriately rated radio repair station.
2. Certified airborne checkpoints and airways.
3. Certified checkpoints on the airport surface.
4. If an airborne checkpoint is not available,
select an established VOR airway. Select a prominent
ground point, preferably more than 20 NM from the
VOR ground facility and maneuver the aircraft
directly over the point at a reasonably low altitude
above terrain and obstructions.
e. A radiated VOT from an appropriately rated
radio repair station serves the same purpose as an
FAA VOR signal and the check is made in much the
same manner as a VOT with the following
differences:
1. The frequency normally approved by the
Federal Communications Commission is
108.0 MHz.
2. Repair stations are not permitted to radiate the
VOR test signal continuously; consequently, the
owner or operator must make arrangements with the
repair station to have the test signal transmitted. This
service is not provided by all radio repair stations.
The aircraft owner or operator must determine which
repair station in the local area provides this service.
A representative of the repair station must make an
entry into the aircraft logbook or other permanent
record certifying to the radial accuracy and the date
of transmission. The owner, operator or representat
ive of the repair station may accomplish the necessary
checks in the aircraft and make a logbook entry
stating the results. It is necessary to verify which test
radial is being transmitted and whether you should
get a "to" or "from" indication.
f. Airborne and ground check points consist of
certified radials that should be received at specific
points on the airport surface or over specific
landmarks while airborne in the immediate vicinity of
the airport.

1-1-4

1. Should an error in excess of plus or minus
4 degrees be indicated through use of a ground check,
or plus or minus 6 degrees using the airborne check,
Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) flight must not be
attempted without first correcting the source of the
error.
CAUTION-
No correction other than the correction card figures
supplied by the manufacturer should be applied in
making these VOR receiver checks.

2. Locations of airborne check points, ground
check points and VOTs are published in the Chart
Supplement U.S.
3. If a dual system VOR (units independent of
each other except for the antenna) is installed in the
aircraft, one system may be checked against the other.
Turn both systems to the same VOR ground facility
and note the indicated bearing to that station. The
maximum permissible variations between the two
indicated bearings is 4 degrees.
1-1-5. Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN)
a. For reasons peculiar to military or naval
operations (unusual siting conditions, the pitching
and rolling of a naval vessel, etc.) the civil
VOR/Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) system
of air navigation was considered unsuitable for
military or naval use. A new navigational system,
TACAN, was therefore developed by the military and
naval forces to more readily lend itself to military and
naval requirements. As a result, the FAA has
integrated TACAN facilities with the civil VOR/
DME program. Although the theoretical, or technical
principles of operation of TACAN equipment are
quite different from those of VOR/DME facilities, the
end result, as far as the navigating pilot is concerned,
is the same. These integrated facilities are called
VORTACs.
b. TACAN ground equipment consists of either a
fixed or mobile transmitting unit. The airborne unit in
conjunction with the ground unit reduces the
transmitted signal to a visual presentation of both
azimuth and distance information. TACAN is a pulse
system and operates in the Ultrahigh Frequency
(UHF) band of frequencies. Its use requires TACAN
airborne equipment and does not operate through
conventional VOR equipment.

Navigation Aids