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While the efforts of the TAOS specifically focus on turbine aircraft,
it is recognized that their recommendations

are applicable to and can be adapted for the pilot of a small, piston
powered aircraft too.

b.

The following recommendations are offered:

Ensure that your aircraft's lift

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generating surfaces are COMPLETELY free of contamination before

flight through a tactile (hands on) check of the critical surfaces when
feasible. Even when otherwise permitted,

operators should avoid smooth or polished frost on lift

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generating surfaces as an acceptable preflight condition.

Review and refresh your cold weather standard operating procedures.

Review and be familiar with the Airplane Flight Manual (AFM)
limitations and procedures necessary

to deal with icing conditions prior to flight, as well as in flight.

Protect your aircraft while on the ground, if possible, from sleet and
freezing rain by taking advantage

of aircraft hangars.

Take full advantage of the opportunities available at airports for
deicing. Do not refuse deicing services

simply because of cost.

Always consider canceling or delaying a flight if weather conditions do
not support a safe operation.

c.

If you haven't already developed a set of Standard Operating Procedures
for cold weather operations, they

should include:

Procedures based on information that is applicable to the aircraft
operated, such as AFM limitations and

procedures;

Concise and easy to understand guidance that outlines best operational
practices;

A systematic procedure for recognizing, evaluating and addressing the
associated icing risk, and offer

clear guidance to mitigate this risk;

An aid (such as a checklist or reference cards) that is readily
available during normal day

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to

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day aircraft

operations.

d.

There are several sources for guidance relating to airframe icing,
including:

[1]http://aircrafticing.grc.nasa.gov/index.html

Advisory Circular (AC) 91

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74, Pilot Guide, Flight in Icing Conditions.

AC 135

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17, Pilot Guide Small Aircraft Ground Deicing.

AC 135

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9, FAR Part 135 Icing Limitations.

AC 120

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60, Ground Deicing and Anti

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icing Program.

AC 135

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16, Ground Deicing and Anti

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icing Training and Checking. The FAA Approved Deicing

Program Updates is published annually as a Flight Standards Information
Bulletin for Air Transportation and

contains detailed information on deicing and anti

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icing procedures and holdover times. It may be accessed at

the following website by selecting the current year's information bulle
tins:

[2]https://www.faa.gov/other_visit/aviation_industry/airline_operators/
airline_safety/deicing/.

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16.  Avoid Flight in the Vicinity of Exhaust Plumes (Smoke Stacks and
Cooling Towers)

a.  Flight Hazards Exist Around Exhaust Plumes.

Exhaust plumes are defined as visible or invisible

emissions from power plants, industrial production facilities, or other
industrial systems that release large

amounts of vertically directed unstable gases (effluent).
High temperature exhaust plumes can cause significant

air disturbances such as turbulence and vertical shear. Other
identified potential hazards include, but are not

necessarily limited to: reduced visibility, oxygen depletion, engine
particulate contamination, exposure to

gaseous oxides, and/or icing. Results of encountering a plume may
include airframe damage, aircraft upset,

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Potential Flight Hazards

References

1. http://aircrafticing.grc.nasa.gov/index.html
2. https://www.faa.gov/other_visit/aviation_industry/airline_operators/airline_safety/deicing/