Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM)
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Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) effective 6/17/21
Record of Changes
Change 3 Cover dtd 11/3/22
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Change 2 Cover dtd 5/19/22
Explanation of Changes
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Explanation of Changes
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Table of Contents
4-1-23. Weather Systems Processor
4-2-1. General
4-2-2. Radio Technique
4-2-3. Contact Procedures
4-2-4. Aircraft Call Signs .
4-2-5. Description of Interchange or Leased Aircraft .
4-2-6. Ground Station Call Signs
4-2-7. Phonetic Alphabet .
4-2-8. Figures
4-2-9. Altitudes and Flight Levels .
4-2-10. Directions .
4-2-11. Speeds
4-2-12. Time .
4-2-13. Communications with Tower when Aircraft Transmitter or Receiver or Both are
4-2-14. Communications for VFR Flights .
4-3-1. General
4-3-2. Airports with an Operating Control Tower
4-3-3. Traffic Patterns .
4-3-4. Visual Indicators at Airports Without an Operating Control Tower
4-3-5. Unexpected Maneuvers in the Airport Traffic Pattern .
4-3-6. Use of Runways/Declared Distances
4-3-7. Low Level Wind Shear/Microburst Detection Systems
4-3-8. Braking Action Reports and Advisories .
4-3-9. Runway Condition Reports .
4-3-10. Intersection Takeoffs .
4-3-11. Pilot Responsibilities When Conducting Land and Hold Short Operations
4-3-12. Low Approach .
4-3-13. Traffic Control Light Signals .
4-3-14. Communications .
4-3-15. Gate Holding Due to Departure Delays .
4-3-16. VFR Flights in Terminal Areas .
4-3-17. VFR Helicopter Operations at Controlled Airports
4-3-18. Taxiing .
4-3-19. Taxi During Low Visibility .
4-3-20. Exiting the Runway After Landing
4-3-21. Practice Instrument Approaches
4-3-22. Option Approach
4-3-23. Use of Aircraft Lights .
4-3-24. Flight Inspection/`Flight Check' Aircraft in Terminal Areas .
4-3-25. Hand Signals
4-3-26. Operations at Uncontrolled Airports With Automated Surface Observing
4-4-1. Clearance
4-4-2. Clearance Prefix
4-4-3. Clearance Items .
4-4-4. Amended Clearances
4-4-5. Coded Departure Route (CDR) .
4-4-6. Special VFR Clearances
4-4-7. Pilot Responsibility upon Clearance Issuance
4-4-8. IFR Clearance VFR-on-top .
4-4-9. VFR/IFR Flights
4-4-10. Adherence to Clearance .
4-4-11. IFR Separation Standards .
4-4-12. Speed Adjustments .
4-4-13. Runway Separation .
4-4-14. Visual Separation
4-4-15. Use of Visual Clearing Procedures and Scanning Techniques
4-4-16. Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS I & II)
4-4-17. Traffic Information Service (TIS) .
4-5-1. Radar .
4-5-2. Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) .
4-5-3. Surveillance Radar
4-5-4. Precision Approach Radar (PAR)
4-5-5. Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE-X)/Airport Surface Surveillance
4-5-6. Traffic Information Service (TIS)
4-5-7. Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Services .
4-5-8. Traffic Information Service- Broadcast (TIS-B)
4-5-9. Flight Information Service- Broadcast (FIS-B) .
4-5-10. Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Rebroadcast (ADS-R)
4-6-1. Applicability and RVSM Mandate (Date/Time and Area) .
4-6-2. Flight Level Orientation Scheme
4-6-3. Aircraft and Operator Approval Policy/Procedures, RVSM Monitoring and
4-6-4. Flight Planning into RVSM Airspace .
4-6-5. Pilot RVSM Operating Practices and Procedures .
4-6-6. Guidance on Severe Turbulence and Mountain Wave Activity (MWA) .
4-6-7. Guidance on Wake Turbulence
4-6-8. Pilot/Controller Phraseology
4-6-9. Contingency Actions: Weather Encounters and Aircraft System Failures that
4-6-10. Procedures for Accommodation of Non-RVSM Aircraft .
4-6-11. Non-RVSM Aircraft Requesting Climb to and Descent from Flight Levels
4-7-1. Introduction and General Policies .
4-7-2. Accommodating Non-RNP 10 Aircraft .
4-7-3. Obtaining RNP 10 or RNP 4 Operational Authorization .
4-7-4. Authority for Operations with a Single Long-Range Navigation System .
4-7-5. Flight Plan Requirements .
4-7-6. Contingency Procedures
5-1-1. Preflight Preparation
5-1-2. Follow IFR Procedures Even When Operating VFR
5-1-3. Notice to Air Missions (NOTAM) System .
5-1-4. Operational Information System (OIS) .
5-1-5. Flight Plan - VFR Flights
5-1-6. Flight Plan - IFR Flights .
5-1-7. Flight Plans For Military/DOD Use Only
5-1-8. Flight Plan " Defense VFR (DVFR) Flights .
5-1-9. Single Flights Conducted With Both VFR and IFR Flight Plans
5-1-10. IFR Operations to High Altitude Destinations
5-1-11. Flights Outside U.S. Territorial Airspace .
5-1-12. Change in Flight Plan .
5-1-13. Change in Proposed Departure Time
5-1-14. Closing VFR/DVFR Flight Plans .
5-1-15. Canceling IFR Flight Plan .
5-1-16. RNAV and RNP Operations .
5-1-17. Cold Temperature Operations
5-2-1. Pre"taxi Clearance Procedures .
5-2-2. Automated Pre-Departure Clearance Procedures
5-2-3. IFR Clearances Off Uncontrolled Airports
5-2-4. Taxi Clearance
5-2-5. Line Up and Wait (LUAW) .
5-2-6. Abbreviated IFR Departure Clearance (Cleared.as Filed) Procedures .
5-2-7. Departure Restrictions, Clearance Void Times, Hold for Release, and Release
5-2-8. Departure Control
5-2-9. Instrument Departure Procedures (DP) - Obstacle Departure Procedures
5-3-1. ARTCC Communications
5-3-2. Position Reporting
5-3-3. Additional Reports
5-3-4. Airways and Route Systems .
5-3-5. Airway or Route Course Changes
5-3-6. Changeover Points (COPs) .
5-3-7. Minimum Turning Altitude (MTA) .
5-3-8. Holding
5-4-1. Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR) Procedures .
5-4-2. Local Flow Traffic Management Program .
5-4-3. Approach Control .
5-4-4. Advance Information on Instrument Approach
5-4-5. Instrument Approach Procedure (IAP) Charts .
5-4-6. Approach Clearance .
5-4-7. Instrument Approach Procedures
5-4-8. Special Instrument Approach Procedures .
5-4-9. Procedure Turn and Hold-in-lieu of Procedure Turn
5-4-10. Timed Approaches from a Holding Fix
5-4-11. Radar Approaches .
5-4-12. Radar Monitoring of Instrument Approaches .
5-4-13. Simultaneous Approaches to Parallel Runways
5-4-14. Simultaneous Dependent Approaches .
5-4-15. Simultaneous Independent ILS/RNAV/GLS Approaches .
5-4-16. Simultaneous Close Parallel PRM Approaches and Simultaneous Offset
5-4-17. Simultaneous Converging Instrument Approaches .
5-4-18. RNP AR (Authorization Required) Instrument Procedures .
5-4-19. Side-step Maneuver .
5-4-20. Approach and Landing Minimums
5-4-21. Missed Approach
5-4-22. Use of Enhanced Flight Vision Systems (EFVS) on Instrument Approaches .
5-4-23. Visual Approach .
5-4-24. Charted Visual Flight Procedure (CVFP)
5-4-25. Contact Approach
5-4-26. Landing Priority .
5-4-27. Overhead Approach Maneuver .
5-5-1. General
5-5-2. Air Traffic Clearance
5-5-3. Contact Approach .
5-5-4. Instrument Approach
5-5-5. Missed Approach .
5-5-6. Vectors
5-5-7. Safety Alert
5-5-8. See and Avoid
5-5-9. Speed Adjustments
5-5-10. Traffic Advisories (Traffic Information)
5-5-11. Visual Approach .
5-5-12. Visual Separation
5-5-13. VFR"on"top .
5-5-14. Instrument Departures
5-5-15. Minimum Fuel Advisory .
5-5-16. RNAV and RNP Operations .
5-6-1. National Security
5-6-2. National Security Requirements .
5-6-3. Definitions .
5-6-4. ADIZ Requirements .
5-6-5. Civil Aircraft Operations To or From U.S. Territorial Airspace .
5-6-6. Civil Aircraft Operations Within U.S. Territorial Airspace .
5-6-7. Civil Aircraft Operations Transiting U.S. Territorial Airspace
5-6-8. Foreign State Aircraft Operations .
5-6-9. FAA/TSA Airspace Waivers .
5-6-10. TSA Aviation Security Programs
5-6-11. FAA Flight Routing Authorizations .
5-6-12. Emergency Security Control of Air Traffic (ESCAT) .
5-6-13. Interception Procedures .
5-6-14. Law Enforcement Operations by Civil and Military Organizations .
5-6-15. Interception Signals
5-6-16. ADIZ Boundaries and Designated Mountainous Areas
5-6-17. Visual Warning System (VWS) .
6-1-1. Pilot Responsibility and Authority .
6-1-2. Emergency Condition- Request Assistance Immediately
6-2-1. Radar Service for VFR Aircraft in Difficulty
6-2-2. Transponder Emergency Operation
6-2-3. Intercept and Escort .
6-2-4. Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) .
6-2-5. FAA K-9 Explosives Detection Team Program
6-2-6. Search and Rescue
6-3-1. Distress and Urgency Communications .
6-3-2. Obtaining Emergency Assistance
6-3-3. Ditching Procedures .
6-3-4. Special Emergency (Air Piracy)
6-3-5. Fuel Dumping
6-4-1. Two"way Radio Communications Failure
6-4-2. Transponder Operation During Two"way Communications Failure
6-4-3. Reestablishing Radio Contact .
6-5-1. Discrete Emergency Frequency
6-5-2. Radio Call Signs
6-5-3. ARFF Emergency Hand Signals .
7-1-1. National Weather Service Aviation Weather Service Program
7-1-2. FAA Weather Services .
7-1-3. Use of Aviation Weather Products .
7-1-4. Graphical Forecasts for Aviation (GFA)
7-1-5. Preflight Briefing
7-1-6. Inflight Aviation Weather Advisories .
7-1-7. Categorical Outlooks
7-1-8. Inflight Weather Advisory Broadcasts
7-1-9. Flight Information Services (FIS)
7-1-10. Weather Observing Programs
7-1-11. Weather Radar Services .
7-1-12. ATC Inflight Weather Avoidance Assistance
7-1-13. Runway Visual Range (RVR)
7-1-14. Reporting of Cloud Heights
7-1-15. Reporting Prevailing Visibility
7-1-16. Estimating Intensity of Rain and Ice Pellets
7-1-17. Estimating Intensity of Snow or Drizzle (Based on Visibility)
7-1-18. Pilot Weather Reports (PIREPs)
7-1-19. PIREPs Relating to Airframe Icing
7-1-20. Definitions of Inflight Icing Terms
7-1-21. PIREPs Relating to Turbulence .
7-1-22. Wind Shear PIREPs
7-1-23. Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) PIREPs
7-1-24. Microbursts .
7-1-25. PIREPs Relating to Volcanic Ash Activity
7-1-26. Thunderstorms
7-1-27. Thunderstorm Flying .
7-1-28. Key to Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) and Aviation Routine Weather Report
7-1-29. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Weather Formats .
7-2-1. General
7-2-2. Barometric Pressure Altimeter Errors
7-2-3. Altimeter Errors
7-3-1. Effect of Cold Temperature on Barometric Altimeters
7-3-2. Pre-Flight Planning for Cold Temperature Altimeter Errors .
7-3-3. Effects of Cold Temperature on Baro-Vertical Navigation (VNAV) Vertical
7-3-4. Cold Temperature Airports (CTA)
7-3-5. Cold Temperature Airport Procedures
7-3-6. Examples for Calculating Altitude Corrections on CTAs .
7-4-1. General
7-4-2. Vortex Generation
7-4-3. Vortex Strength .
7-4-4. Vortex Behavior .
7-4-5. Operations Problem Areas
7-4-6. Vortex Avoidance Procedures .
7-4-7. Helicopters .
7-4-8. Pilot Responsibility
7-4-9. Air Traffic Wake Turbulence Separations
7-4-10. Development and New Capabilities .
7-5-1. Migratory Bird Activity
7-5-2. Reducing Bird Strike Risks .
7-5-3. Reporting Bird Strikes .
7-5-4. Reporting Bird and Other Wildlife Activities
7-5-5. Pilot Advisories on Bird and Other Wildlife Hazards
7-5-6. Flights Over Charted U.S. Wildlife Refuges, Parks, and Forest Service Areas .
7-6-1. Accident Cause Factors
7-6-2. Reporting Radio/Radar Altimeter Anomalies
7-6-3. VFR in Congested Areas .
7-6-4. Obstructions To Flight .
7-6-5. Avoid Flight Beneath Unmanned Balloons
7-6-6. Unmanned Aircraft Systems
7-6-7. Mountain Flying
7-6-8. Use of Runway Half-way Signs at Unimproved Airports
7-6-9. Seaplane Safety .
7-6-10. Flight Operations in Volcanic Ash
7-6-11. Emergency Airborne Inspection of Other Aircraft .
7-6-12. Precipitation Static .
7-6-13. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (Laser) Operations
7-6-14. Flying in Flat Light, Brown Out Conditions, and White Out Conditions
7-6-15. Operations in Ground Icing Conditions
7-6-16. Avoid Flight in the Vicinity of Exhaust Plumes (Smoke Stacks and Cooling
7-6-17. Space Launch and Reentry Area
7-7-1. Aviation Safety Reporting Program
7-7-2. Aircraft Accident and Incident Reporting .
7-7-3. Near Midair Collision Reporting
7-7-4. Unidentified Flying Object (UFO) Reports
7-7-5. Safety Alerts For Operators (SAFO) and Information For Operators (InFO) .
8-1-1. Fitness For Flight .
8-1-2. Effects of Altitude .
8-1-3. Hyperventilation in Flight
8-1-4. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Flight
8-1-5. Illusions in Flight
8-1-6. Vision in Flight .
8-1-7. Aerobatic Flight .
8-1-8. Judgment Aspects of Collision Avoidance .
9-1-1. General
9-1-2. Obtaining Aeronautical Charts
9-1-3. Selected Charts and Products Available .
9-1-4. General Description of Each Chart Series .
9-1-5. Where and How to Get Charts of Foreign Areas .
10-1-1. Helicopter Flight Control Systems
10-1-2. Helicopter Instrument Approaches
10-1-3. Helicopter Approach Procedures to VFR Heliports
10-1-4. The Gulf of Mexico Grid System .
10-1-5. Departure Procedures
10-2-1. Offshore Helicopter Operations
10-2-2. Helicopter Night VFR Operations
10-2-3. Landing Zone Safety .
10-2-4. Emergency Medical Service (EMS) Multiple Helicopter Operations
PCG-1
Section 1. Navigation Aids
1-1-1. General
1-1-2. Nondirectional Radio Beacon (NDB)
1-1-3. VHF Omni-directional Range (VOR)
1-1-4. VOR Receiver Check
1-1-5. Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN)
1-1-6. VHF Omni-directional
1-1-7. Distance Measuring Equipment
1-1-8. NAVAID Service Volumes
FIG 1-1-1
FIG 1-1-2
FIG 1-1-3
FIG 1-1-4
FIG 1-1-5
TBL 1-1-1
TBL 1-1-2
1-1-9. Instrument Landing System (ILS)
FIG 1-1-6
FIG 1-1-7
TBL 1-1-3
TBL 1-1-4
1-1-10. Simplified Directional Facility
FIG 1-1-8
1-1-11. NAVAID Identifier Removal During
1-1-12. NAVAIDs with Voice
1-1-13. User Reports Requested on
1-1-15. Inertial Reference Unit (IRU),
1-1-16. Doppler Radar
1-1-14. LORAN
1-1-17. Global Positioning System (GPS)
TBL 1-1-5
TBL 1-1-6
1-1-18. Wide Area Augmentation System
1-1-19. Ground Based Augmentation
FIG 1-1-9
1-1-20. Precision Approach Systems other
Section 2. Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) and Area Navigation (RNAV)
1-2-1. General
FIG 1-2-1
FIG 1-2-2
FIG 1-2-5
FIG 1-2-3
FIG 1-2-6
FIG 1-2-4
1-2-2. Required Navigation Performance
TBL 1-2-1
1-2-3. Use of Suitable Area Navigation
1-2-4. Recognizing, Mitigating and
Section 1. Airport Lighting Aids
2-1-1. Approach Light Systems (ALS)
2-1-2. Visual Glideslope Indicators
FIG 2-1-1
FIG 2-1-2
FIG 2-1-3
FIG 2-1-4
FIG 2-1-5
FIG 2-1-6
FIG 2-1-7
FIG 2-1-8
2-1-3. Runway End Identifier Lights (REIL)
2-1-4. Runway Edge Light Systems
2-1-5. In-runway Lighting
2-1-6. Runway Status Light (RWSL)
FIG 2-1-9
2-1-7. Control of Lighting Systems
2-1-8. Pilot Control of Airport Lighting
FIG 2-1-10
FIG 2-1-11
FIG 2-1-12
TBL 2-1-1
TBL 2-1-2
TBL 2-1-3
2-1-9. Airport/Heliport Beacons
2-1-10. Taxiway Lights
Section 2. Air Navigation and Obstruction Lighting
2-2-1. Aeronautical Light Beacons
2-2-2. Code Beacons and Course Lights
2-2-3. Obstruction Lights
2-2-4. LED Lighting Systems
Section 3. Airport Marking Aids and Signs
2-3-1. General
2-3-2. Airport Pavement Markings
2-3-3. Runway Markings
TBL 2-3-1
FIG 2-3-1
FIG 2-3-2
TBL 2-3-2
FIG 2-3-3
FIG 2-3-4
FIG 2-3-5
2-3-4. Taxiway Markings
FIG 2-3-6
FIG 2-3-7
FIG 2-3-8
FIG 2-3-10
FIG 2-3-9
FIG 2-3-11
2-3-5. Holding Position Markings
FIG 2-3-12
FIG 2-3-13
FIG 2-3-14
FIG 2-3-15
FIG 2-3-16
2-3-6. Other Markings
FIG 2-3-17
FIG 2-3-18
FIG 2-3-19
FIG 2-3-20
FIG 2-3-21
FIG 2-3-22
FIG 2-3-23
2-3-7. Airport Signs
FIG 2-3-24
FIG 2-3-25
2-3-8. Mandatory Instruction Signs
FIG 2-3-26
FIG 2-3-27
FIG 2-3-28
FIG 2-3-29
FIG 2-3-30
FIG 2-3-31
2-3-9. Location Signs
FIG 2-3-32
FIG 2-3-33
FIG 2-3-34
2-3-10. Direction Signs
FIG 2-3-35
FIG 2-3-36
FIG 2-3-37
FIG 2-3-38
FIG 2-3-39
2-3-11. Destination Signs
FIG 2-3-40
2-3-12. Information Signs
2-3-13. Runway Distance Remaining Signs
FIG 2-3-41
2-3-14. Aircraft Arresting Systems
FIG 2-3-42
2-3-15. Security Identification Display
FIG 2-3-43
Section 1. General
3-1-1. General
3-1-2. General Dimensions of Airspace
3-1-3. Hierarchy of Overlapping Airspace
3-1-4. Basic VFR Weather Minimums
TBL 3-1-1
3-1-5. VFR Cruising Altitudes and Flight Levels
TBL 3-1-2
Section 2. Controlled Airspace
3-2-1. General
FIG 3-2-1
3-2-2. Class A Airspace
3-2-3. Class B Airspace
3-2-4. Class C Airspace
TBL 3-2-1
3-2-5. Class D Airspace
3-2-6. Class E Airspace
Section 3. Class G Airspace
3-3-1. General
3-3-3. IFR Requirements
3-3-2. VFR Requirements
TBL 3-3-1
Section 4. Special Use Airspace
3-4-1. General
3-4-3. Restricted Areas
3-4-2. Prohibited Areas
3-4-4. Warning Areas
3-4-6. Alert Areas
3-4-7. Controlled Firing Areas
3-4-5. Military Operations Areas
3-4-8. National Security Areas
3-4-9. Obtaining Special Use Airspace
Section 5. Other Airspace Areas
3-5-1. Airport Advisory/Information
3-5-2. Military Training Routes
3-5-3. Temporary Flight Restrictions
3-5-5. Published VFR Routes
3-5-4. Parachute Jump Aircraft Operations
FIG 3-5-1
FIG 3-5-2
FIG 3-5-3
3-5-6. Terminal Radar Service Area (TRSA)
FIG 3-5-4
3-5-7. Special Air Traffic Rules (SATR) and
3-5-8. Weather Reconnaissance Area
3-5-9. Other Non-Charted Airspace Areas
Section 1. Services Available to Pilots
4-1-1. Air Route Traffic Control Centers
4-1-2. Control Towers
4-1-3. Flight Service Stations
4-1-4. Recording and Monitoring
4-1-5. Communications Release of IFR
4-1-6. Pilot Visits to Air Traffic Facilities
4-1-7. Operation Rain Check
4-1-8. Approach Control Service for VFR
4-1-9. Traffic Advisory Practices at
TBL 4-1-1
4-1-10. IFR Approaches/Ground Vehicle
4-1-11. Designated UNICOM/MULTICOM
TBL 4-1-2
TBL 4-1-3
4-1-12. Use of UNICOM for ATC Purposes
4-1-13. Automatic Terminal Information
4-1-14. Automatic Flight Information
4-1-15. Radar Traffic Information Service
FIG 4-1-1
FIG 4-1-2
4-1-16. Safety Alert
4-1-17. Radar Assistance to VFR Aircraft
4-1-18. Terminal Radar Services for VFR
4-1-19. Tower En Route Control (TEC)
4-1-20. Transponder and ADS-B Out
4-1-21. Airport Reservation Operations
4-1-22. Requests for Waivers and
4-1-23. Weather Systems Processor
Section 2. Radio Communications Phraseology and Techniques
4-2-1. General
4-2-2. Radio Technique
4-2-3. Contact Procedures
4-2-4. Aircraft Call Signs
4-2-5. Description of Interchange or
4-2-6. Ground Station Call Signs
TBL 4-2-2
TBL 4-2-1
4-2-7. Phonetic Alphabet
4-2-8. Figures
4-2-11. Speeds
4-2-12. Time
4-2-9. Altitudes and Flight Levels
4-2-10. Directions
TBL 4-2-3
4-2-13. Communications with Tower when
4-2-14. Communications for VFR Flights
Section 3. Airport Operations
4-3-1. General
FIG 4-3-1
4-3-2. Airports with an Operating Control
4-3-3. Traffic Patterns
FIG 4-3-2
FIG 4-3-3
FIG 4-3-4
4-3-4. Visual Indicators at Airports
4-3-5. Unexpected Maneuvers in the
4-3-6. Use of Runways/Declared Distances
FIG 4-3-5
FIG 4-3-6
4-3-7. Low Level Wind Shear/Microburst
4-3-8. Braking Action Reports and
4-3-9. Runway Condition Reports
FIG 4-3-7
4-3-10. Intersection Takeoffs
4-3-11. Pilot Responsibilities When
FIG 4-3-8
FIG 4-3-9
FIG 4-3-10
4-3-12. Low Approach
4-3-13. Traffic Control Light Signals
TBL 4-3-1
4-3-14. Communications
4-3-15. Gate Holding Due to Departure
4-3-16. VFR Flights in Terminal Areas
4-3-17. VFR Helicopter Operations at
4-3-18. Taxiing
4-3-19. Taxi During Low Visibility
4-3-21. Practice Instrument Approaches
4-3-20. Exiting the Runway After Landing
4-3-22. Option Approach
4-3-23. Use of Aircraft Lights
4-3-24. Flight Inspection/"Flight Check"
FIG 4-3-12
4-3-25. Hand Signals
FIG 4-3-13
FIG 4-3-11
FIG 4-3-14
FIG 4-3-16
FIG 4-3-15
FIG 4-3-17
FIG 4-3-18
FIG 4-3-20
FIG 4-3-19
FIG 4-3-21
FIG 4-3-22
FIG 4-3-24
4-3-26. Operations at Uncontrolled
FIG 4-3-23
Section 4. ATC Clearances and Aircraft Separation
4-4-1. Clearance
4-4-2. Clearance Prefix
4-4-3. Clearance Items
4-4-4. Amended Clearances
4-4-5. Coded Departure Route (CDR)
4-4-6. Special VFR Clearances
4-4-7. Pilot Responsibility upon Clearance
4-4-8. IFR Clearance VFR-on-top
4-4-9. VFR/IFR Flights
4-4-10. Adherence to Clearance
4-4-11. IFR Separation Standards
4-4-12. Speed Adjustments
4-4-13. Runway Separation
4-4-14. Visual Separation
4-4-15. Use of Visual Clearing Procedures
4-4-16. Traffic Alert and Collision
4-4-17. Traffic Information Service (TIS)
Section 5. Surveillance Systems
4-5-1. Radar
FIG 4-5-1
FIG 4-5-2
4-5-2. Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon
FIG 4-5-3
FIG 4-5-4
4-5-3. Surveillance Radar
4-5-4. Precision Approach Radar (PAR)
4-5-5. Airport Surface Detection
TBL 4-5-1
TBL 4-5-2
4-5-6. Traffic Information Service (TIS)
FIG 4-5-5
FIG 4-5-6
FIG 4-5-7
4-5-7. Automatic Dependent
FIG 4-5-8
FIG 4-5-9
FIG 4-5-10
4-5-8. Traffic Information Service-
4-5-9. Flight Information Service-
TBL 4-5-3
4-5-10. Automatic Dependent
Section 6. Operational Policy/Procedures for Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) in the Domestic U.S., Alaska, Offs...
4-6-1. Applicability and RVSM Mandate
4-6-2. Flight Level Orientation Scheme
FIG 4-6-1
4-6-3. Aircraft and Operator Approval
4-6-4. Flight Planning into RVSM Airspace
4-6-5. Pilot RVSM Operating Practices and
4-6-6. Guidance on Severe Turbulence
4-6-7. Guidance on Wake Turbulence
4-6-8. Pilot/Controller Phraseology
TBL 4-6-1
4-6-9. Contingency Actions: Weather
TBL 4-6-2
4-6-10. Procedures for Accommodation of
4-6-11. Non-RVSM Aircraft Requesting
Section 7. Operational Policy/Procedures for the Gulf of Mexico 50 NM Lateral Separation Initiative
4-7-1. Introduction and General Policies
4-7-2. Accommodating Non-RNP 10
4-7-3. Obtaining RNP 10 or RNP 4
4-7-4. Authority for Operations with a
4-7-5. Flight Plan Requirements
4-7-6. Contingency Procedures
Section 1. Preflight
5-1-1. Preflight Preparation
5-1-2. Follow IFR Procedures Even When
5-1-3. Notice to Air Missions (NOTAM)
TBL 5-1-1
TBL 5-1-2
5-1-4. Operational Information System
5-1-5. Flight Plan - VFR Flights
5-1-6. Flight Plan - IFR Flights
5-1-7. Flight Plans For Military/DOD Use
5-1-9. Single Flights Conducted With Both
5-1-8. Flight Plan " Defense VFR (DVFR)
5-1-10. IFR Operations to High Altitude
5-1-11. Flights Outside U.S. Territorial
5-1-12. Change in Flight Plan
5-1-13. Change in Proposed Departure
5-1-14. Closing VFR/DVFR Flight Plans
5-1-15. Canceling IFR Flight Plan
5-1-16. RNAV and RNP Operations
5-1-17. Cold Temperature Operations
Section 2. Departure Procedures
5-2-1. Pre-taxi Clearance Procedures
5-2-2. Automated Pre-Departure
5-2-3. IFR Clearances Off Uncontrolled
5-2-4. Taxi Clearance
5-2-5. Line Up and Wait (LUAW)
5-2-6. Abbreviated IFR Departure
5-2-7. Departure Restrictions, Clearance
5-2-8. Departure Control
5-2-9. Instrument Departure Procedures
FIG 5-2-1
Section 3. En Route Procedures
5-3-1. ARTCC Communications
TBL 5-3-1
TBL 5-3-2
TBL 5-3-3
TBL 5-3-4
TBL 5-3-5
TBL 5-3-6
TBL 5-3-7
TBL 5-3-8
TBL 5-3-9
TBL 5-3-10
TBL 5-3-11
TBL 5-3-12
TBL 5-3-13
TBL 5-3-14
TBL 5-3-15
TBL 5-3-16
TBL 5-3-17
TBL 5-3-18
TBL 5-3-19
5-3-2. Position Reporting
5-3-3. Additional Reports
5-3-4. Airways and Route Systems
FIG 5-3-1
5-3-5. Airway or Route Course Changes
5-3-6. Changeover Points (COPs)
5-3-7. Minimum Turning Altitude (MTA)
5-3-8. Holding
FIG 5-3-2
FIG 5-3-3
TBL 5-3-20
FIG 5-3-4
FIG 5-3-5
FIG 5-3-6
FIG 5-3-7
FIG 5-3-8
FIG 5-3-9
Section 4. Arrival Procedures
5-4-1. Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR)
5-4-2. Local Flow Traffic Management Program
5-4-3. Approach Control
5-4-4. Advance Information on Instrument
5-4-5. Instrument Approach Procedure
FIG 5-4-1
FIG 5-4-2
FIG 5-4-3
FIG 5-4-4
FIG 5-4-5
FIG 5-4-6
FIG 5-4-7
FIG 5-4-8
FIG 5-4-9
FIG 5-4-10
FIG 5-4-11
FIG 5-4-12
FIG 5-4-13
FIG 5-4-14
5-4-6. Approach Clearance
5-4-7. Instrument Approach Procedures
5-4-8. Special Instrument Approach
5-4-9. Procedure Turn and Hold-in-lieu of
FIG 5-4-15
FIG 5-4-16
FIG 5-4-17
FIG 5-4-18
5-4-10. Timed Approaches from a Holding
FIG 5-4-19
5-4-11. Radar Approaches
5-4-12. Radar Monitoring of Instrument
5-4-13. Simultaneous Approaches to
FIG 5-4-20
5-4-14. Simultaneous Dependent
FIG 5-4-21
5-4-15. Simultaneous Independent
FIG 5-4-22
5-4-16. Simultaneous Close Parallel PRM
FIG 5-4-23
FIG 5-4-24
FIG 5-4-25
5-4-17. Simultaneous Converging
5-4-18. RNP AR (Authorization Required)
FIG 5-4-26
5-4-19. Side-step Maneuver
5-4-20. Approach and Landing Minimums
TBL 5-4-1
FIG 5-4-27
FIG 5-4-28
FIG 5-4-29
5-4-21. Missed Approach
FIG 5-4-30
FIG 5-4-31
5-4-22. Use of Enhanced Flight Vision
FIG 5-4-32
FIG 5-4-33
5-4-23. Visual Approach
5-4-24. Charted Visual Flight Procedure
5-4-25. Contact Approach
5-4-26. Landing Priority
5-4-27. Overhead Approach Maneuver
FIG 5-4-34
Section 5. Pilot/Controller Roles and Responsibilities
5-5-1. General
5-5-2. Air Traffic Clearance
5-5-3. Contact Approach
5-5-4. Instrument Approach
5-5-5. Missed Approach
5-5-6. Vectors
5-5-7. Safety Alert
5-5-8. See and Avoid
5-5-9. Speed Adjustments
5-5-10. Traffic Advisories (Traffic
5-5-11. Visual Approach
5-5-12. Visual Separation
5-5-13. VFR-on-top
5-5-14. Instrument Departures
5-5-15. Minimum Fuel Advisory
5-5-16. RNAV and RNP Operations
Section 6. National Security and Interception Procedures
5-6-1. National Security
5-6-2. National Security Requirements
5-6-3. Definitions
5-6-4. ADIZ Requirements
5-6-5. Civil Aircraft Operations To or From
5-6-6. Civil Aircraft Operations Within U.S.
5-6-7. Civil Aircraft Operations Transiting
5-6-8. Foreign State Aircraft Operations
5-6-9. FAA/TSA Airspace Waivers
5-6-10. TSA Aviation Security Programs
5-6-11. FAA Flight Routing Authorizations
5-6-12. Emergency Security Control of Air
5-6-13. Interception Procedures
FIG 5-6-1
FIG 5-6-2
5-6-14. Law Enforcement Operations by
5-6-15. Interception Signals
TBL 5-6-1
TBL 5-6-2
5-6-16. ADIZ Boundaries and Designated Mountainous Areas (See FIG 5-6-3.)
FIG 5-6-3
5-6-17. Visual Warning System (VWS)
Section 1. General
6-1-1. Pilot Responsibility and Authority
6-1-2. Emergency Condition- Request
Section 2. Emergency Services Available to Pilots
6-2-1. Radar Service for VFR Aircraft in
6-2-2. Transponder Emergency Operation
6-2-3. Intercept and Escort
6-2-4. Emergency Locator Transmitter
6-2-5. FAA K-9 Explosives Detection
6-2-6. Search and Rescue
TBL 6-2-1
TBL 6-2-2
TBL 6-2-3
TBL 6-2-4
TBL 6-2-5
FIG 6-2-1
FIG 6-2-2
FIG 6-2-3
FIG 6-2-5
FIG 6-2-4
FIG 6-2-6
FIG 6-2-7
FIG 6-2-9
FIG 6-2-8
FIG 6-2-10
FIG 6-2-11
FIG 6-2-13
FIG 6-2-12
FIG 6-2-14
FIG 6-2-15
FIG 6-2-16
FIG 6-2-17
Section 3. Distress and Urgency Procedures
6-3-1. Distress and Urgency
6-3-2. Obtaining Emergency Assistance
6-3-3. Ditching Procedures
FIG 6-3-1
FIG 6-3-3
FIG 6-3-4
FIG 6-3-2
FIG 6-3-5
6-3-4. Special Emergency (Air Piracy)
6-3-5. Fuel Dumping
Section 4. Two‐way Radio Communications Failure
6-4-1. Two-way Radio Communications
6-4-2. Transponder Operation During
6-4-3. Reestablishing Radio Contact
Section 5. Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting Communications
6-5-1. Discrete Emergency Frequency
6-5-2. Radio Call Signs
6-5-3. ARFF Emergency Hand Signals
FIG 6-5-1
FIG 6-5-2
FIG 6-5-3
Section 1. Meteorology
7-1-1. National Weather Service Aviation
7-1-2. FAA Weather Services
TBL 7-1-1
7-1-3. Use of Aviation Weather Products
FIG 7-1-1
7-1-4. Graphical Forecasts for Aviation
FIG 7-1-2
FIG 7-1-3
7-1-5. Preflight Briefing
7-1-6. Inflight Aviation Weather Advisories
FIG 7-1-4
FIG 7-1-5
7-1-7. Categorical Outlooks
7-1-8. Inflight Weather Advisory
FIG 7-1-6
7-1-9. Flight Information Services (FIS)
TBL 7-1-2
TBL 7-1-3
7-1-10. Weather Observing Programs
FIG 7-1-7
FIG 7-1-8
TBL 7-1-4
TBL 7-1-5
7-1-11. Weather Radar Services
FIG 7-1-9
FIG 7-1-10
FIG 7-1-11
7-1-12. ATC Inflight Weather Avoidance
7-1-13. Runway Visual Range (RVR)
TBL 7-1-6
7-1-14. Reporting of Cloud Heights
7-1-15. Reporting Prevailing Visibility
7-1-16. Estimating Intensity of Rain and
7-1-17. Estimating Intensity of Snow or
7-1-18. Pilot Weather Reports (PIREPs)
TBL 7-1-7
7-1-19. PIREPs Relating to Airframe Icing
7-1-20. Definitions of Inflight Icing Terms
TBL 7-1-8
TBL 7-1-9
7-1-21. PIREPs Relating to Turbulence
TBL 7-1-10
7-1-22. Wind Shear PIREPs
7-1-23. Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) PIREPs
7-1-24. Microbursts
FIG 7-1-12
FIG 7-1-13
FIG 7-1-14
FIG 7-1-15
FIG 7-1-16
FIG 7-1-17
FIG 7-1-18
FIG 7-1-19
FIG 7-1-20
TBL 7-1-11
7-1-25. PIREPs Relating to Volcanic Ash
7-1-26. Thunderstorms
7-1-27. Thunderstorm Flying
7-1-28. Key to Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) and Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)
FIG 7-1-21
FIG 7-1-22
7-1-29. International Civil Aviation
Section 2. Barometric Altimeter Errors and Setting Procedures
7-2-1. General
7-2-2. Barometric Pressure Altimeter
7-2-3. Altimeter Errors
TBL 7-2-1
TBL 7-2-2
Section 3. Cold Temperature Barometric Altimeter Errors, Setting Procedures and Cold Temperature Airports (CTA)
7-3-1. Effect of Cold Temperature on
TBL 7-3-1
7-3-2. Pre-Flight Planning for Cold
7-3-3. Effects of Cold Temperature on
7-3-4. Cold Temperature Airports (CTA)
7-3-5. Cold Temperature Airport
FIG 7-3-1
7-3-6. Examples for Calculating Altitude
FIG 7-3-2
Section 4. Wake Turbulence
7-4-1. General
7-4-2. Vortex Generation
FIG 7-4-1
7-4-3. Vortex Strength
FIG 7-4-2
7-4-4. Vortex Behavior
FIG 7-4-3
FIG 7-4-4
FIG 7-4-5
FIG 7-4-6
FIG 7-4-7
7-4-5. Operations Problem Areas
7-4-6. Vortex Avoidance Procedures
7-4-7. Helicopters
7-4-8. Pilot Responsibility
7-4-9. Air Traffic Wake Turbulence
7-4-10. Development and New Capabilities
Section 5. Bird Hazards and Flight Over National Refuges, Parks, and Forests
7-5-1. Migratory Bird Activity
7-5-2. Reducing Bird Strike Risks
7-5-3. Reporting Bird Strikes
7-5-4. Reporting Bird and Other Wildlife
7-5-5. Pilot Advisories on Bird and Other
7-5-6. Flights Over Charted U.S. Wildlife
Section 6. Potential Flight Hazards
7-6-1. Accident Cause Factors
7-6-2. Reporting Radio/Radar Altimeter
7-6-3. VFR in Congested Areas
7-6-4. Obstructions To Flight
7-6-5. Avoid Flight Beneath Unmanned
7-6-6. Unmanned Aircraft Systems
7-6-7. Mountain Flying
7-6-8. Use of Runway Half-way Signs at
FIG 7-6-1
7-6-9. Seaplane Safety
TBL 7-6-1
7-6-10. Flight Operations in Volcanic Ash
7-6-11. Emergency Airborne Inspection of
7-6-12. Precipitation Static
7-6-13. Light Amplification by Stimulated
7-6-14. Flying in Flat Light, Brown Out
7-6-15. Operations in Ground Icing
7-6-16. Avoid Flight in the Vicinity of
FIG 7-6-2
7-6-17. Space Launch and Reentry Area
FIG 7-6-3
Section 7. Safety, Accident, and Hazard Reports
7-7-1. Aviation Safety Reporting Program
7-7-2. Aircraft Accident and Incident
7-7-3. Near Midair Collision Reporting
7-7-4. Unidentified Flying Object (UFO)
7-7-5. Safety Alerts For Operators (SAFO)
Section 1. Fitness for Flight
8-1-1. Fitness For Flight
8-1-2. Effects of Altitude
8-1-3. Hyperventilation in Flight
8-1-4. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in
8-1-5. Illusions in Flight
8-1-6. Vision in Flight
8-1-7. Aerobatic Flight
8-1-8. Judgment Aspects of Collision
Section 1. Types of Charts Available
9-1-1. General
9-1-2. Obtaining Aeronautical Charts
9-1-3. Selected Charts and Products
9-1-4. General Description of Each Chart
FIG 9-1-1
FIG 9-1-2
FIG 9-1-3
FIG 9-1-4
FIG 9-1-5
FIG 9-1-6
FIG 9-1-7
FIG 9-1-8
FIG 9-1-9
FIG 9-1-10
FIG 9-1-11
FIG 9-1-12
FIG 9-1-13
FIG 9-1-14
FIG 9-1-15
9-1-5. Where and How to Get Charts of
Section 1. Helicopter IFR Operations
10-1-1. Helicopter Flight Control Systems
10-1-2. Helicopter Instrument Approaches
TBL 10-1-1
10-1-3. Helicopter Approach Procedures
10-1-4. The Gulf of Mexico Grid System
10-1-5. Departure Procedures
FIG 10-1-1
Section 2. Special Operations
10-2-1. Offshore Helicopter Operations
FIG 10-2-1
FIG 10-2-2
TBL 10-2-1
10-2-2. Helicopter Night VFR Operations
FIG 10-2-3
TBL 10-2-2
10-2-3. Landing Zone Safety
FIG 10-2-4
FIG 10-2-5
FIG 10-2-6
TBL 10-2-3
FIG 10-2-7
FIG 10-2-8
10-2-4. Emergency Medical Service (EMS)
FIG 10-2-9
Appendix 1. Bird/Other Wildlife Strike Report
Appendix 2. Volcanic Activity Reporting Form (VAR)
Appendix 3. Abbreviations/Acronyms
Appendix 4. FAA Form 7233-4 - International Flight Plan
Appendix 5. FAA Form 7233-1 - Flight Plan
PILOT/CONTROLLER GLOSSARY
PCG-1
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Index
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