title-14-part-1

SUBCHAPTER A—DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL

REQUIREMENTS

PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND

ABBREVIATIONS

Sec.
1.1

General definitions.

1.2

Abbreviations and symbols.

1.3

Rules of construction.

UTHORITY

: 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 106(g), 40113,

44701.

§ 1.1

General definitions.

As used in Subchapters A through K

of this chapter, unless the context re-
quires otherwise:

Administrator

means the Federal

Aviation Administrator or any person
to whom he has delegated his authority
in the matter concerned.

Aerodynamic coefficients means non-

dimensional coefficients for aero-
dynamic forces and moments.

Air carrier means a person who under-

takes directly by lease, or other ar-
rangement, to engage in air transpor-
tation.

Air commerce means interstate, over-

seas, or foreign air commerce or the
transportation of mail by aircraft or
any operation or navigation of aircraft
within the limits of any Federal airway
or any operation or navigation of air-
craft which directly affects, or which
may endanger safety in, interstate,
overseas, or foreign air commerce.

Aircraft means a device that is used

or intended to be used for flight in the
air.

Aircraft engine means an engine that

is used or intended to be used for pro-
pelling aircraft. It includes turbo-
superchargers, appurtenances, and ac-
cessories necessary for its functioning,
but does not include propellers.

Airframe means the fuselage, booms,

nacelles, cowlings, fairings, airfoil sur-
faces (including rotors but excluding
propellers and rotating airfoils of en-
gines), and landing gear of an aircraft
and their accessories and controls.

Airplane

means an engine-driven

fixed-wing aircraft heavier than air,
that is supported in flight by the dy-
namic reaction of the air against its
wings.

Airport means an area of land or

water that is used or intended to be
used for the landing and takeoff of air-
craft, and includes its buildings and fa-
cilities, if any.

Airship means an engine-driven light-

er-than-air aircraft that can be steered.

Air traffic means aircraft operating in

the air or on an airport surface, exclu-
sive of loading ramps and parking
areas.

Air traffic clearance means an author-

ization by air traffic control, for the
purpose of preventing collision between
known aircraft, for an aircraft to pro-
ceed under specified traffic conditions
within controlled airspace.

Air traffic control means a service op-

erated by appropriate authority to pro-
mote the safe, orderly, and expeditious
flow of air traffic.

Air Traffic Service (ATS) route is a

specified route designated for chan-
neling the flow of traffic as necessary
for the provision of air traffic services.
The term ‘‘ATS route’’ refers to a vari-
ety of airways, including jet routes,
area navigation (RNAV) routes, and ar-
rival and departure routes. An ATS
route is defined by route specifications,
which may include:

(1) An ATS route designator;
(2) The path to or from significant

points;

(3) Distance between significant

points;

(4) Reporting requirements; and
(5) The lowest safe altitude deter-

mined by the appropriate authority.

Air transportation means interstate,

overseas, or foreign air transportation
or the transportation of mail by air-
craft.

Alert Area. An alert area is estab-

lished to inform pilots of a specific
area wherein a high volume of pilot
training or an unusual type of aero-
nautical activity is conducted.

Alternate airport means an airport at

which an aircraft may land if a landing
at the intended airport becomes inad-
visable.

Altitude engine means a reciprocating

aircraft engine having a rated takeoff

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§ 1.1

power that is producible from sea level
to an established higher altitude.

Amateur rocket means an unmanned

rocket that:

(1) Is propelled by a motor or motors

having a combined total impulse of
889,600 Newton-seconds (200,000 pound-
seconds) or less; and

(2) Cannot reach an altitude greater

than 150 kilometers (93.2 statute miles)
above the earth’s surface.

Appliance means any instrument,

mechanism, equipment, part, appa-
ratus, appurtenance, or accessory, in-
cluding communications equipment,
that is used or intended to be used in
operating or controlling an aircraft in
flight, is installed in or attached to the
aircraft, and is not part of an airframe,
engine, or propeller.

Approved, unless used with reference

to another person, means approved by
the FAA or any person to whom the
FAA has delegated its authority in the
matter concerned, or approved under
the provisions of a bilateral agreement
between the United States and a for-
eign country or jurisdiction.

Area navigation (RNAV) is a method

of navigation that permits aircraft op-
erations on any desired flight path.

Area navigation (RNAV) route is an

ATS route based on RNAV that can be
used by suitably equipped aircraft.

Armed Forces means the Army, Navy,

Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast
Guard, including their regular and re-
serve components and members serving
without component status.

Autorotation means a rotorcraft flight

condition in which the lifting rotor is
driven entirely by action of the air
when the rotorcraft is in motion.

Auxiliary rotor means a rotor that

serves either to counteract the effect of
the main rotor torque on a rotorcraft
or to maneuver the rotorcraft about
one or more of its three principal axes.

Balloon means a lighter-than-air air-

craft that is not engine driven, and
that sustains flight through the use of
either gas buoyancy or an airborne
heater.

Brake horsepower means the power de-

livered at the propeller shaft (main
drive or main output) of an aircraft en-
gine.

Calibrated airspeed means the indi-

cated airspeed of an aircraft, corrected

for position and instrument error. Cali-
brated airspeed is equal to true air-
speed in standard atmosphere at sea
level.

Canard means the forward wing of a

canard configuration and may be a
fixed, movable, or variable geometry
surface, with or without control sur-
faces.

Canard configuration means a configu-

ration in which the span of the forward
wing is substantially less than that of
the main wing.

Category:
(1) As used with respect to the cer-

tification, ratings, privileges, and limi-
tations of airmen, means a broad clas-
sification of aircraft. Examples in-
clude: airplane; rotorcraft; glider; and
lighter-than-air; and

(2) As used with respect to the cer-

tification of aircraft, means a grouping
of aircraft based upon intended use or
operating limitations. Examples in-
clude: transport, normal, utility, acro-
batic, limited, restricted, and provi-
sional.

Category A, with respect to transport

category rotorcraft, means multien-
gine rotorcraft designed with engine
and system isolation features specified
in Part 29 and utilizing scheduled take-
off and landing operations under a crit-
ical engine failure concept which
assures adequate designated surface
area and adequate performance capa-
bility for continued safe flight in the
event of engine failure.

Category B, with respect to transport

category rotorcraft, means single-en-
gine or multiengine rotorcraft which
do not fully meet all Category A stand-
ards. Category B rotorcraft have no
guaranteed stay-up ability in the event
of engine failure and unscheduled land-
ing is assumed.

Category II operations, with respect to

the operation of aircraft, means a
straight-in ILS approach to the runway
of an airport under a Category II ILS
instrument approach procedure issued
by the Administrator or other appro-
priate authority.

Category III operations, with respect

to the operation of aircraft, means an
ILS approach to, and landing on, the
runway of an airport using a Category
III ILS instrument approach procedure

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§ 1.1

issued by the Administrator or other
appropriate authority.

Ceiling means the height above the

earth’s surface of the lowest layer of
clouds or obscuring phenomena that is
reported as ‘‘broken’’, ‘‘overcast’’, or
‘‘obscuration’’, and not classified as
‘‘thin’’ or ‘‘partial’’.

Civil aircraft means aircraft other

than public aircraft.

Class:
(1) As used with respect to the cer-

tification, ratings, privileges, and limi-
tations of airmen, means a classifica-
tion of aircraft within a category hav-
ing similar operating characteristics.
Examples include: single engine; multi-
engine; land; water; gyroplane; heli-
copter; airship; and free balloon; and

(2) As used with respect to the cer-

tification of aircraft, means a broad
grouping of aircraft having similar
characteristics of propulsion, flight, or
landing. Examples include: airplane;
rotorcraft; glider; balloon; landplane;
and seaplane.

Clearway means:
(1) For turbine engine powered air-

planes certificated after August 29,
1959, an area beyond the runway, not
less than 500 feet wide, centrally lo-
cated about the extended centerline of
the runway, and under the control of
the airport authorities. The clearway
is expressed in terms of a clearway
plane, extending from the end of the
runway with an upward slope not ex-
ceeding 1.25 percent, above which no
object nor any terrain protrudes. How-
ever, threshold lights may protrude
above the plane if their height above
the end of the runway is 26 inches or
less and if they are located to each side
of the runway.

(2) For turbine engine powered air-

planes certificated after September 30,
1958, but before August 30, 1959, an area
beyond the takeoff runway extending
no less than 300 feet on either side of
the extended centerline of the runway,
at an elevation no higher than the ele-
vation of the end of the runway, clear
of all fixed obstacles, and under the
control of the airport authorities.

Climbout speed, with respect to rotor-

craft, means a referenced airspeed
which results in a flight path clear of
the height-velocity envelope during
initial climbout.

Commercial operator means a person

who, for compensation or hire, engages
in the carriage by aircraft in air com-
merce of persons or property, other
than as an air carrier or foreign air
carrier or under the authority of Part
375 of this title. Where it is doubtful
that an operation is for ‘‘compensation
or hire’’, the test applied is whether
the carriage by air is merely incidental
to the person’s other business or is, in
itself, a major enterprise for profit.

Configuration, Maintenance, and Pro-

cedures (CMP) document means a docu-
ment approved by the FAA that con-
tains minimum configuration, oper-
ating, and maintenance requirements,
hardware life-limits, and Master Min-
imum Equipment List (MMEL) con-
straints necessary for an airplane-en-
gine combination to meet ETOPS type
design approval requirements.

Consensus standard means, for the

purpose of certificating light-sport air-
craft, an industry-developed consensus
standard that applies to aircraft de-
sign, production, and airworthiness. It
includes, but is not limited to, stand-
ards for aircraft design and perform-
ance, required equipment, manufac-
turer quality assurance systems, pro-
duction acceptance test procedures, op-
erating instructions, maintenance and
inspection procedures, identification
and recording of major repairs and
major alterations, and continued air-
worthiness.

Controlled airspace means an airspace

of defined dimensions within which air
traffic control service is provided to
IFR flights and to VFR flights in ac-
cordance with the airspace classifica-
tion.

OTE

: Controlled airspace is a generic term

that covers Class A, Class B, Class C, Class
D, and Class E airspace.

Controlled Firing Area. A controlled

firing area is established to contain ac-
tivities, which if not conducted in a
controlled environment, would be haz-
ardous to nonparticipating aircraft.

Crewmember means a person assigned

to perform duty in an aircraft during
flight time.

Critical altitude means the maximum

altitude at which, in standard atmos-
phere, it is possible to maintain, at a
specified rotational speed, a specified
power or a specified manifold pressure.

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§ 1.1

Unless otherwise stated, the critical al-
titude is the maximum altitude at
which it is possible to maintain, at the
maximum continuous rotational speed,
one of the following:

(1) The maximum continuous power,

in the case of engines for which this
power rating is the same at sea level
and at the rated altitude.

(2) The maximum continuous rated

manifold pressure, in the case of en-
gines, the maximum continuous power
of which is governed by a constant
manifold pressure.

Critical engine means the engine

whose failure would most adversely af-
fect the performance or handling quali-
ties of an aircraft.

Decision altitude (DA) is a specified al-

titude in an instrument approach pro-
cedure at which the pilot must decide
whether to initiate an immediate
missed approach if the pilot does not
see the required visual reference, or to
continue the approach. Decision alti-
tude is expressed in feet above mean
sea level.

Decision height (DH) is a specified

height above the ground in an instru-
ment approach procedure at which the
pilot must decide whether to initiate
an immediate missed approach if the
pilot does not see the required visual
reference, or to continue the approach.
Decision height is expressed in feet
above ground level.

Early ETOPS means ETOPS type de-

sign approval obtained without gaining
non-ETOPS service experience on the
candidate airplane-engine combination
certified for ETOPS.

EFVS operation means an operation in

which visibility conditions require an
EFVS to be used in lieu of natural vi-
sion to perform an approach or landing,
determine enhanced flight visibility,
identify required visual references, or
conduct a rollout.

Enhanced flight visibility (EFV) means

the average forward horizontal dis-
tance, from the cockpit of an aircraft
in flight, at which prominent topo-
graphical objects may be clearly dis-
tinguished and identified by day or
night by a pilot using an enhanced
flight vision system.

Enhanced flight vision system (EFVS)

means an installed aircraft system
which uses an electronic means to pro-

vide a display of the forward external
scene topography (the natural or man-
made features of a place or region espe-
cially in a way to show their relative
positions and elevation) through the
use of imaging sensors, including but
not limited to forward-looking infra-
red, millimeter wave radiometry, milli-
meter wave radar, or low-light level
image intensification. An EFVS in-
cludes the display element, sensors,
computers and power supplies, indica-
tions, and controls.

Equivalent airspeed means the cali-

brated airspeed of an aircraft corrected
for adiabatic compressible flow for the
particular altitude. Equivalent air-
speed is equal to calibrated airspeed in
standard atmosphere at sea level.

ETOPS Significant System means an

airplane system, including the propul-
sion system, the failure or malfunc-
tioning of which could adversely affect
the safety of an ETOPS flight, or the
continued safe flight and landing of an
airplane during an ETOPS diversion.
Each ETOPS significant system is ei-
ther an ETOPS group 1 significant sys-
tem or an ETOPS group 2 significant
system.

(1) An ETOPS group 1 Significant

System—

(i) Has fail-safe characteristics di-

rectly linked to the degree of redun-
dancy provided by the number of en-
gines on the airplane.

(ii) Is a system, the failure or mal-

function of which could result in an
IFSD, loss of thrust control, or other
power loss.

(iii) Contributes significantly to the

safety of an ETOPS diversion by pro-
viding additional redundancy for any
system power source lost as a result of
an inoperative engine.

(iv) Is essential for prolonged oper-

ation of an airplane at engine inoper-
ative altitudes.

(2) An ETOPS group 2 significant sys-

tem is an ETOPS significant system
that is not an ETOPS group 1 signifi-
cant system.

Extended Operations (ETOPS) means

an airplane flight operation, other than
an all-cargo operation in an airplane
with more than two engines, during

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§ 1.1

which a portion of the flight is con-
ducted beyond a time threshold identi-
fied in part 121 or part 135 of this chap-
ter that is determined using an ap-
proved one-engine-inoperative cruise
speed under standard atmospheric con-
ditions in still air.

Extended over-water operation means—
(1) With respect to aircraft other

than helicopters, an operation over
water at a horizontal distance of more
than 50 nautical miles from the nearest
shoreline; and

(2) With respect to helicopters, an op-

eration over water at a horizontal dis-
tance of more than 50 nautical miles
from the nearest shoreline and more
than 50 nautical miles from an off-
shore heliport structure.

External load means a load that is

carried, or extends, outside of the air-
craft fuselage.

External-load attaching means means

the structural components used to at-
tach an external load to an aircraft, in-
cluding external-load containers, the
backup structure at the attachment
points, and any quick-release device
used to jettison the external load.

Final approach fix (FAF) defines the

beginning of the final approach seg-
ment and the point where final seg-
ment descent may begin.

Final takeoff speed means the speed of

the airplane that exists at the end of
the takeoff path in the en route con-
figuration with one engine inoperative.

Fireproof—
(1) With respect to materials and

parts used to confine fire in a des-
ignated fire zone, means the capacity
to withstand at least as well as steel in
dimensions appropriate for the purpose
for which they are used, the heat pro-
duced when there is a severe fire of ex-
tended duration in that zone; and

(2) With respect to other materials

and parts, means the capacity to with-
stand the heat associated with fire at
least as well as steel in dimensions ap-
propriate for the purpose for which
they are used.

Fire resistant—
(1) With respect to sheet or struc-

tural members means the capacity to
withstand the heat associated with fire
at least as well as aluminum alloy in
dimensions appropriate for the purpose
for which they are used; and

(2) With respect to fluid-carrying

lines, fluid system parts, wiring, air
ducts, fittings, and powerplant con-
trols, means the capacity to perform
the intended functions under the heat
and other conditions likely to occur
when there is a fire at the place con-
cerned.

Flame resistant means not susceptible

to combustion to the point of propa-
gating a flame, beyond safe limits,
after the ignition source is removed.

Flammable, with respect to a fluid or

gas, means susceptible to igniting read-
ily or to exploding.

Flap extended speed means the highest

speed permissible with wing flaps in a
prescribed extended position.

Flash resistant means not susceptible

to burning violently when ignited.

Flightcrew member means a pilot,

flight engineer, or flight navigator as-
signed to duty in an aircraft during
flight time.

Flight level means a level of constant

atmospheric pressure related to a ref-
erence datum of 29.92 inches of mer-
cury. Each is stated in three digits
that represent hundreds of feet. For ex-
ample, flight level 250 represents a bar-
ometric altimeter indication of 25,000
feet; flight level 255, an indication of
25,500 feet.

Flight plan means specified informa-

tion, relating to the intended flight of
an aircraft, that is filed orally or in
writing with air traffic control.

Flight simulation training device

(FSTD) means a full flight simulator or
a flight training device.

Flight time means:
(1) Pilot time that commences when

an aircraft moves under its own power
for the purpose of flight and ends when
the aircraft comes to rest after land-
ing; or

(2) For a glider without self-launch

capability, pilot time that commences
when the glider is towed for the pur-
pose of flight and ends when the glider
comes to rest after landing.

Flight training device (FTD) means a

replica of aircraft instruments, equip-
ment, panels, and controls in an open
flight deck area or an enclosed aircraft
cockpit replica. It includes the equip-
ment and computer programs nec-
essary to represent aircraft (or set of
aircraft) operations in ground and

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flight conditions having the full range
of capabilities of the systems installed
in the device as described in part 60 of
this chapter and the qualification per-
formance standard (QPS) for a specific
FTD qualification level.

Flight visibility means the average for-

ward horizontal distance, from the
cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at
which prominent unlighted objects
may be seen and identified by day and
prominent lighted objects may be seen
and identified by night.

Foreign air carrier means any person

other than a citizen of the United
States, who undertakes directly, by
lease or other arrangement, to engage
in air transportation.

Foreign air commerce means the car-

riage by aircraft of persons or property
for compensation or hire, or the car-
riage of mail by aircraft, or the oper-
ation or navigation of aircraft in the
conduct or furtherance of a business or
vocation, in commerce between a place
in the United States and any place out-
side thereof; whether such commerce
moves wholly by aircraft or partly by
aircraft and partly by other forms of
transportation.

Foreign air transportation means the

carriage by aircraft of persons or prop-
erty as a common carrier for com-
pensation or hire, or the carriage of
mail by aircraft, in commerce between
a place in the United States and any
place outside of the United States,
whether that commerce moves wholly
by aircraft or partly by aircraft and
partly by other forms of transpor-
tation.

Forward wing means a forward lifting

surface of a canard configuration or
tandem-wing configuration airplane.
The surface may be a fixed, movable, or
variable geometry surface, with or
without control surfaces.

Full flight simulator (FFS) means a

replica of a specific type; or make,
model, and series aircraft cockpit. It
includes the assemblage of equipment
and computer programs necessary to
represent aircraft operations in ground
and flight conditions, a visual system
providing an out-of-the-cockpit view, a
system that provides cues at least
equivalent to those of a three-degree-
of-freedom motion system, and has the
full range of capabilities of the systems

installed in the device as described in
part 60 of this chapter and the quali-
fication performance standards (QPS)
for a specific FFS qualification level.

Glider means a heavier-than-air air-

craft, that is supported in flight by the
dynamic reaction of the air against its
lifting surfaces and whose free flight
does not depend principally on an en-
gine.

Ground visibility means prevailing

horizontal visibility near the earth’s
surface as reported by the United
States National Weather Service or an
accredited observer.

Go-around power or thrust setting

means the maximum allowable in-
flight power or thrust setting identi-
fied in the performance data.

Gyrodyne means a rotorcraft whose

rotors are normally engine-driven for
takeoff, hovering, and landing, and for
forward flight through part of its speed
range, and whose means of propulsion,
consisting usually of conventional pro-
pellers, is independent of the rotor sys-
tem.

Gyroplane means a rotorcraft whose

rotors are not engine-driven, except for
initial starting, but are made to rotate
by action of the air when the rotorcraft
is moving; and whose means of propul-
sion, consisting usually of conven-
tional propellers, is independent of the
rotor system.

Helicopter means a rotorcraft that,

for its horizontal motion, depends prin-
cipally on its engine-driven rotors.

Heliport means an area of land, water,

or structure used or intended to be
used for the landing and takeoff of heli-
copters.

Idle thrust means the jet thrust ob-

tained with the engine power control
level set at the stop for the least thrust
position at which it can be placed.

IFR conditions means weather condi-

tions below the minimum for flight
under visual flight rules.

IFR over-the-top, with respect to the

operation of aircraft, means the oper-
ation of an aircraft over-the-top on an
IFR flight plan when cleared by air
traffic control to maintain ‘‘VFR con-
ditions’’ or ‘‘VFR conditions on top’’.

Indicated airspeed means the speed of

an aircraft as shown on its pitot static
airspeed indicator calibrated to reflect

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standard atmosphere adiabatic com-
pressible flow at sea level uncorrected
for airspeed system errors.

In-flight shutdown (IFSD) means, for

ETOPS only, when an engine ceases to
function (when the airplane is air-
borne) and is shutdown, whether self
induced, flightcrew initiated or caused
by an external influence. The FAA con-
siders IFSD for all causes: for example,
flameout, internal failure, flightcrew
initiated shutdown, foreign object in-
gestion, icing, inability to obtain or
control desired thrust or power, and
cycling of the start control, however
briefly, even if the engine operates nor-
mally for the remainder of the flight.
This definition excludes the airborne
cessation of the functioning of an en-
gine when immediately followed by an
automatic engine relight and when an
engine does not achieve desired thrust
or power but is not shutdown.

Instrument means a device using an

internal mechanism to show visually
or aurally the attitude, altitude, or op-
eration of an aircraft or aircraft part.
It includes electronic devices for auto-
matically controlling an aircraft in
flight.

Instrument approach procedure (IAP) is

a series of predetermined maneuvers by
reference to flight instruments with
specified protection from obstacles and
assurance of navigation signal recep-
tion capability. It begins from the ini-
tial approach fix, or where applicable,
from the beginning of a defined arrival
route to a point:

(1) From which a landing can be com-

pleted; or

(2) If a landing is not completed, to a

position at which holding or en route
obstacle clearance criteria apply.

Interstate air commerce means the car-

riage by aircraft of persons or property
for compensation or hire, or the car-
riage of mail by aircraft, or the oper-
ation or navigation of aircraft in the
conduct or furtherance of a business or
vocation, in commerce between a place
in any State of the United States, or
the District of Columbia, and a place in
any other State of the United States,
or the District of Columbia; or between
places in the same State of the United
States through the airspace over any
place outside thereof; or between
places in the same territory or posses-

sion of the United States, or the Dis-
trict of Columbia.

Interstate air transportation means the

carriage by aircraft of persons or prop-
erty as a common carrier for com-
pensation or hire, or the carriage of
mail by aircraft in commerce:

(1) Between a place in a State or the

District of Columbia and another place
in another State or the District of Co-
lumbia;

(2) Between places in the same State

through the airspace over any place
outside that State; or

(3) Between places in the same pos-

session of the United States;

Whether that commerce moves wholly
by aircraft of partly by aircraft and
partly by other forms of transpor-
tation.

Intrastate air transportation means the

carriage of persons or property as a
common carrier for compensation or
hire, by turbojet-powered aircraft capa-
ble of carrying thirty or more persons,
wholly within the same State of the
United States.

Kite means a framework, covered

with paper, cloth, metal, or other ma-
terial, intended to be flown at the end
of a rope or cable, and having as its
only support the force of the wind mov-
ing past its surfaces.

Landing gear extended speed means

the maximum speed at which an air-
craft can be safely flown with the land-
ing gear extended.

Landing gear operating speed means

the maximum speed at which the land-
ing gear can be safely extended or re-
tracted.

Large aircraft means aircraft of more

than 12,500 pounds, maximum certifi-
cated takeoff weight.

Light-sport aircraft means an aircraft,

other than a helicopter or powered-lift
that, since its original certification,
has continued to meet the following:

(1) A maximum takeoff weight of not

more than—

(i) 1,320 pounds (600 kilograms) for

aircraft not intended for operation on
water; or

(ii) 1,430 pounds (650 kilograms) for

an aircraft intended for operation on
water.

(2) A maximum airspeed in level

flight with maximum continuous power
(V

) of not more than 120 knots CAS

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14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

§ 1.1

under standard atmospheric conditions
at sea level.

(3) A maximum never-exceed speed

) of not more than 120 knots CAS

for a glider.

(4) A maximum stalling speed or min-

imum steady flight speed without the
use of lift-enhancing devices (V

) of

not more than 45 knots CAS at the air-
craft’s maximum certificated takeoff
weight and most critical center of
gravity.

(5) A maximum seating capacity of

no more than two persons, including
the pilot.

(6) A single, reciprocating engine, if

powered.

(7) A fixed or ground-adjustable pro-

peller if a powered aircraft other than
a powered glider.

(8) A fixed or feathering propeller

system if a powered glider.

(9) A fixed-pitch, semi-rigid, tee-

tering, two-blade rotor system, if a gy-
roplane.

(10) A nonpressurized cabin, if

equipped with a cabin.

(11) Fixed landing gear, except for an

aircraft intended for operation on
water or a glider.

(12) Fixed or retractable landing

gear, or a hull, for an aircraft intended
for operation on water.

(13) Fixed or retractable landing gear

for a glider.

Lighter-than-air aircraft means air-

craft that can rise and remain sus-
pended by using contained gas weigh-
ing less than the air that is displaced
by the gas.

Load factor means the ratio of a spec-

ified load to the total weight of the air-
craft. The specified load is expressed in
terms of any of the following: aero-
dynamic forces, inertia forces, or
ground or water reactions.

Long-range communication system

(LRCS). A system that uses satellite
relay, data link, high frequency, or an-
other approved communication system
which extends beyond line of sight.

Long-range navigation system (LRNS).

An electronic navigation unit that is
approved for use under instrument
flight rules as a primary means of navi-
gation, and has at least one source of
navigational input, such as inertial
navigation system or global posi-
tioning system.

Mach number means the ratio of true

airspeed to the speed of sound.

Main rotor means the rotor that sup-

plies the principal lift to a rotorcraft.

Maintenance means inspection, over-

haul, repair, preservation, and the re-
placement of parts, but excludes pre-
ventive maintenance.

Major alteration means an alteration

not listed in the aircraft, aircraft en-
gine, or propeller specifications—

(1) That might appreciably affect

weight, balance, structural strength,
performance, powerplant operation,
flight characteristics, or other quali-
ties affecting airworthiness; or

(2) That is not done according to ac-

cepted practices or cannot be done by
elementary operations.

Major repair means a repair:
(1) That, if improperly done, might

appreciably affect weight, balance,
structural strength, performance, pow-
erplant operation, flight characteris-
tics, or other qualities affecting air-
worthiness; or

(2) That is not done according to ac-

cepted practices or cannot be done by
elementary operations.

Manifold pressure means absolute

pressure as measured at the appro-
priate point in the induction system
and usually expressed in inches of mer-
cury.

Maximum engine overtorque, as it ap-

plies to turbopropeller and turboshaft
engines incorporating free power tur-
bines for all ratings except one engine
inoperative (OEI) ratings of two min-
utes or less, means the maximum
torque of the free power turbine rotor
assembly, the inadvertent occurrence
of which, for periods of up to 20 sec-
onds, will not require rejection of the
engine from service, or any mainte-
nance action other than to correct the
cause.

Maximum speed for stability character-

istics, V

means a speed that may

not be less than a speed midway be-
tween maximum operating limit speed
(V

) and demonstrated flight div-

ing speed (V

), except that, for al-

titudes where the Mach number is the
limiting factor, M

need not exceed

the Mach number at which effective
speed warning occurs.

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§ 1.1

Medical certificate means acceptable

evidence of physical fitness on a form
prescribed by the Administrator.

Military operations area. A military

operations area (MOA) is airspace es-
tablished outside Class A airspace to
separate or segregate certain nonhaz-
ardous military activities from IFR
Traffic and to identify for VFR traffic
where theses activities are conducted.

Minimum descent altitude (MDA) is the

lowest altitude specified in an instru-
ment approach procedure, expressed in
feet above mean sea level, to which de-
scent is authorized on final approach or
during circle-to-land maneuvering
until the pilot sees the required visual
references for the heliport or runway of
intended landing.

Minor alteration means an alteration

other than a major alteration.

Minor repair means a repair other

than a major repair.

National defense airspace means air-

space established by a regulation pre-
scribed, or an order issued under, 49
U.S.C. 40103(b)(3).

Navigable airspace means airspace at

and above the minimum flight alti-
tudes prescribed by or under this chap-
ter, including airspace needed for safe
takeoff and landing.

Night means the time between the

end of evening civil twilight and the
beginning of morning civil twilight, as
published in the Air Almanac, con-
verted to local time.

Nonprecision approach procedure

means a standard instrument approach
procedure in which no electronic glide
slope is provided.

Operate, with respect to aircraft,

means use, cause to use or authorize to
use aircraft, for the purpose (except as
provided in § 91.13 of this chapter) of air
navigation including the piloting of
aircraft, with or without the right of
legal control (as owner, lessee, or oth-
erwise).

Operational control, with respect to a

flight, means the exercise of authority
over initiating, conducting or termi-
nating a flight.

Overseas air commerce means the car-

riage by aircraft of persons or property
for compensation or hire, or the car-
riage of mail by aircraft, or the oper-
ation or navigation of aircraft in the
conduct or furtherance of a business or

vocation, in commerce between a place
in any State of the United States, or
the District of Columbia, and any place
in a territory or possession of the
United States; or between a place in a
territory or possession of the United
States, and a place in any other terri-
tory or possession of the United States.

Overseas air transportation means the

carriage by aircraft of persons or prop-
erty as a common carrier for com-
pensation or hire, or the carriage of
mail by aircraft, in commerce:

(1) Between a place in a State or the

District of Columbia and a place in a
possession of the United States; or

(2) Between a place in a possession of

the United States and a place in an-
other possession of the United States;
whether that commerce moves wholly
by aircraft or partly by aircraft and
partly by other forms of transpor-
tation.

Over-the-top means above the layer of

clouds or other obscuring phenomena
forming the ceiling.

Parachute means a device used or in-

tended to be used to retard the fall of
a body or object through the air.

Person means an individual, firm,

partnership, corporation, company, as-
sociation, joint-stock association, or
governmental entity. It includes a
trustee, receiver, assignee, or similar
representative of any of them.

Pilotage means navigation by visual

reference to landmarks.

Pilot in command means the person

who:

(1) Has final authority and responsi-

bility for the operation and safety of
the flight;

(2) Has been designated as pilot in

command before or during the flight;
and

(3) Holds the appropriate category,

class, and type rating, if appropriate,
for the conduct of the flight.

Pitch setting means the propeller

blade setting as determined by the
blade angle measured in a manner, and
at a radius, specified by the instruction
manual for the propeller.

Portable oxygen concentrator means a

medical device that separates oxygen
from other gasses in ambient air and
dispenses this concentrated oxygen to
the user.

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14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

§ 1.1

Positive control means control of all

air traffic, within designated airspace,
by air traffic control.

Powered parachute means a powered

aircraft comprised of a flexible or semi-
rigid wing connected to a fuselage so
that the wing is not in position for
flight until the aircraft is in motion.
The fuselage of a powered parachute
contains the aircraft engine, a seat for
each occupant and is attached to the
aircraft’s landing gear.

Powered-lift means a heavier-than-air

aircraft capable of vertical takeoff,
vertical landing, and low speed flight
that depends principally on engine-
driven lift devices or engine thrust for
lift during these flight regimes and on
nonrotating airfoil(s) for lift during
horizontal flight.

Precision approach procedure means a

standard instrument approach proce-
dure in which an electronic glide slope
is provided, such as ILS and PAR.

Preventive maintenance means simple

or minor preservation operations and
the replacement of small standard
parts not involving complex assembly
operations.

Prohibited area. A prohibited area is

airspace designated under part 73 with-
in which no person may operate an air-
craft without the permission of the
using agency.

Propeller means a device for propel-

ling an aircraft that has blades on an
engine-driven shaft and that, when ro-
tated, produces by its action on the air,
a thrust approximately perpendicular
to its plane of rotation. It includes con-
trol components normally supplied by
its manufacturer, but does not include
main and auxiliary rotors or rotating
airfoils of engines.

Public aircraft means any of the fol-

lowing aircraft when not being used for
a commercial purpose or to carry an
individual other than a crewmember or
qualified non-crewmenber:

(1) An aircraft used only for the

United States Government; an aircraft
owned by the Government and operated
by any person for purposes related to
crew training, equipment development,
or demonstration; an aircraft owned
and operated by the government of a
State, the District of Columbia, or a
territory or possession of the United
States or a political subdivision of one

of these governments; or an aircraft ex-
clusively leased for at least 90 contin-
uous days by the government of a
State, the District of Columbia, or a
territory or possession of the United
States or a political subdivision of one
of these governments.

(i) For the sole purpose of deter-

mining public aircraft status,

commer-

cial purposes means the transportation
of persons or property for compensa-
tion or hire, but does not include the
operation of an aircraft by the armed
forces for reimbursement when that re-
imbursement is required by any Fed-
eral statute, regulation, or directive, in
effect on November 1, 1999, or by one
government on behalf of another gov-
ernment under a cost reimbursement
agreement if the government on whose
behalf the operation is conducted cer-
tifies to the Administrator of the Fed-
eral Aviation Administration that the
operation is necessary to respond to a
significant and imminent threat to life
or property (including natural re-
sources) and that no service by a pri-
vate operator is reasonably available
to meet the threat.

(ii) For the sole purpose of deter-

mining public aircraft status,

govern-

mental function means an activity un-
dertaken by a government, such as na-
tional defense, intelligence missions,
firefighting, search and rescue, law en-
forcement (including transport of pris-
oners, detainees, and illegal aliens),
aeronautical research, or biological or
geological resource management.

(iii) For the sole purpose of deter-

mining public aircraft status,

qualified

non-crewmember means an individual,
other than a member of the crew,
aboard an aircraft operated by the
armed forces or an intelligence agency
of the United States Government, or
whose presence is required to perform,
or is associated with the performance
of, a governmental function.

(2) An aircraft owned or operated by

the armed forces or chartered to pro-
vide transportation to the armed forces
if—

(i) The aircraft is operated in accord-

ance with title 10 of the United States
Code;

(ii) The aircraft is operated in the

performance of a governmental func-
tion under title 14, 31, 32, or 50 of the

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§ 1.1

United States Code and the aircraft is
not used for commercial purposes; or

(iii) The aircraft is chartered to pro-

vide transportation to the armed forces
and the Secretary of Defense (or the
Secretary of the department in which
the Coast Guard is operating) des-
ignates the operation of the aircraft as
being required in the national interest.

(3) An aircraft owned or operated by

the National Guard of a State, the Dis-
trict of Columbia, or any territory or
possession of the United States, and
that meets the criteria of paragraph (2)
of this definition, qualifies as a public
aircraft only to the extent that it is
operated under the direct control of
the Department of Defense.

Rated 30-second OEI Power, with re-

spect to rotorcraft turbine engines,
means the approved brake horsepower
developed under static conditions at
specified altitudes and temperatures
within the operating limitations estab-
lished for the engine under part 33 of
this chapter, for continuation of one
flight operation after the failure or
shutdown of one engine in multiengine
rotorcraft, for up to three periods of
use no longer than 30 seconds each in
any one flight, and followed by manda-
tory inspection and prescribed mainte-
nance action.

Rated 2-minute OEI Power, with re-

spect to rotorcraft turbine engines,
means the approved brake horsepower
developed under static conditions at
specified altitudes and temperatures
within the operating limitations estab-
lished for the engine under part 33 of
this chapter, for continuation of one
flight operation after the failure or
shutdown of one engine in multiengine
rotorcraft, for up to three periods of
use no longer than 2 minutes each in
any one flight, and followed by manda-
tory inspection and prescribed mainte-
nance action.

Rated continuous OEI power, with re-

spect to rotorcraft turbine engines,
means the approved brake horsepower
developed under static conditions at
specified altitudes and temperatures
within the operating limitations estab-
lished for the engine under part 33 of
this chapter, and limited in use to the
time required to complete the flight
after the failure or shutdown of one en-
gine of a multiengine rotorcraft.

Rated maximum continuous augmented

thrust, with respect to turbojet engine
type certification, means the approved
jet thrust that is developed statically
or in flight, in standard atmosphere at
a specified altitude, with fluid injec-
tion or with the burning of fuel in a
separate combustion chamber, within
the engine operating limitations estab-
lished under Part 33 of this chapter,
and approved for unrestricted periods
of use.

Rated maximum continuous power,

with respect to reciprocating, turbo-
propeller, and turboshaft engines,
means the approved brake horsepower
that is developed statically or in flight,
in standard atmosphere at a specified
altitude, within the engine operating
limitations established under part 33,
and approved for unrestricted periods
of use.

Rated maximum continuous thrust,

with respect to turbojet engine type
certification, means the approved jet
thrust that is developed statically or in
flight, in standard atmosphere at a
specified altitude, without fluid injec-
tion and without the burning of fuel in
a separate combustion chamber, within
the engine operating limitations estab-
lished under part 33 of this chapter,
and approved for unrestricted periods
of use.

Rated takeoff augmented thrust, with

respect to turbojet engine type certifi-
cation, means the approved jet thrust
that is developed statically under
standard sea level conditions, with
fluid injection or with the burning of
fuel in a separate combustion chamber,
within the engine operating limita-
tions established under part 33 of this
chapter, and limited in use to periods
of not over 5 minutes for takeoff oper-
ation.

Rated takeoff power, with respect to

reciprocating, turbopropeller, and tur-
boshaft engine type certification,
means the approved brake horsepower
that is developed statically under
standard sea level conditions, within
the engine operating limitations estab-
lished under part 33, and limited in use
to periods of not over 5 minutes for
takeoff operation.

Rated takeoff thrust, with respect to

turbojet engine type certification,
means the approved jet thrust that is

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14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

§ 1.1

developed statically under standard sea
level conditions, without fluid injec-
tion and without the burning of fuel in
a separate combustion chamber, within
the engine operating limitations estab-
lished under part 33 of this chapter,
and limited in use to periods of not
over 5 minutes for takeoff operation.

Rated 30-minute OEI power, with re-

spect to rotorcraft turbine engines,
means the approved brake horsepower
developed under static conditions at
specified altitudes and temperatures
within the operating limitations estab-
lished for the engine under part 33 of
this chapter, and limited in use to one
period of use no longer than 30 minutes
after the failure or shutdown of one en-
gine of a multiengine rotorcraft.

Rated 2

⁄

-minute OEI power, with re-

⁄

minutes each after the

failure or shutdown of one engine of a
multiengine rotorcraft.

Rating means a statement that, as a

part of a certificate, sets forth special
conditions, privileges, or limitations.

Reference landing speed means the

speed of the airplane, in a specified
landing configuration, at the point
where it descends through the 50 foot
height in the determination of the
landing distance.

Reporting point means a geographical

location in relation to which the posi-
tion of an aircraft is reported.

Restricted area. A restricted area is

airspace designated under Part 73 with-
in which the flight of aircraft, while
not wholly prohibited, is subject to re-
striction.

Rocket means an aircraft propelled by

ejected expanding gases generated in
the engine from self-contained propel-
lants and not dependent on the intake
of outside substances. It includes any
part which becomes separated during
the operation.

Rotorcraft means a heavier-than-air

aircraft that depends principally for its
support in flight on the lift generated
by one or more rotors.

Rotorcraft-load combination means the

combination of a rotorcraft and an ex-
ternal-load, including the external-load
attaching means. Rotorcraft-load com-
binations are designated as Class A,
Class B, Class C, and Class D, as fol-
lows:

(1)

Class A rotorcraft-load combination

means one in which the external load
cannot move freely, cannot be jetti-
soned, and does not extend below the
landing gear.

(2)

Class B rotorcraft-load combination

means one in which the external load is
jettisonable and is lifted free of land or
water during the rotorcraft operation.

(3)

Class C rotorcraft-load combination

means one in which the external load is
jettisonable and remains in contact
with land or water during the rotor-
craft operation.

(4)

Class D rotorcraft-load combination

means one in which the external-load
is other than a Class A, B, or C and has
been specifically approved by the Ad-
ministrator for that operation.

Route segment is a portion of a route

bounded on each end by a fix or naviga-
tion aid (NAVAID).

Sea level engine means a reciprocating

aircraft engine having a rated takeoff
power that is producible only at sea
level.

Second in command means a pilot who

is designated to be second in command
of an aircraft during flight time.

Show, unless the context otherwise

requires, means to show to the satis-
faction of the Administrator.

Small aircraft means aircraft of 12,500

pounds or less, maximum certificated
takeoff weight.

Small unmanned aircraft means an un-

manned aircraft weighing less than 55
pounds on takeoff, including every-
thing that is on board or otherwise at-
tached to the aircraft.

Small unmanned aircraft system (small

UAS) means a small unmanned aircraft
and its associated elements (including
communication links and the compo-
nents that control the small unmanned
aircraft) that are required for the safe
and efficient operation of the small un-
manned aircraft in the national air-
space system.

Special VFR conditions mean meteoro-

logical conditions that are less than
those required for basic VFR flight in

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§ 1.1

controlled airspace and in which some
aircraft are permitted flight under vis-
ual flight rules.

Special VFR operations means aircraft

operating in accordance with clear-
ances within controlled airspace in me-
teorological conditions less than the
basic VFR weather minima. Such oper-
ations must be requested by the pilot
and approved by ATC.

Standard atmosphere means the at-

mosphere defined in U.S. Standard At-
mosphere, 1962 (Geopotential altitude
tables).

Stopway means an area beyond the

takeoff runway, no less wide than the
runway and centered upon the ex-
tended centerline of the runway, able
to support the airplane during an
aborted takeoff, without causing struc-
tural damage to the airplane, and des-
ignated by the airport authorities for
use in decelerating the airplane during
an aborted takeoff.

Suitable RNAV system is an RNAV sys-

tem that meets the required perform-
ance established for a type of oper-
ation, e.g. IFR; and is suitable for oper-
ation over the route to be flown in
terms of any performance criteria (in-
cluding accuracy) established by the
air navigation service provider for cer-
tain routes (e.g. oceanic, ATS routes,
and IAPs). An RNAV system’s suit-
ability is dependent upon the avail-
ability of ground and/or satellite navi-
gation aids that are needed to meet
any route performance criteria that
may be prescribed in route specifica-
tions to navigate the aircraft along the
route to be flown. Information on suit-
able RNAV systems is published in
FAA guidance material.

Synthetic vision means a computer-

generated image of the external scene
topography from the perspective of the
flight deck that is derived from air-
craft attitude, high-precision naviga-
tion solution, and database of terrain,
obstacles and relevant cultural fea-
tures.

Synthetic vision system means an

electronic means to display a synthetic
vision image of the external scene to-
pography to the flight crew.

Takeoff power:
(1) With respect to reciprocating en-

gines, means the brake horsepower
that is developed under standard sea

level conditions, and under the max-
imum conditions of crankshaft rota-
tional speed and engine manifold pres-
sure approved for the normal takeoff,
and limited in continuous use to the
period of time shown in the approved
engine specification; and

(2) With respect to turbine engines,

means the brake horsepower that is de-
veloped under static conditions at a
specified altitude and atmospheric
temperature, and under the maximum
conditions of rotor shaft rotational
speed and gas temperature approved for
the normal takeoff, and limited in con-
tinuous use to the period of time shown
in the approved engine specification.

Takeoff safety speed means a ref-

erenced airspeed obtained after lift-off
at which the required one-engine-inop-
erative climb performance can be
achieved.

Takeoff thrust, with respect to tur-

bine engines, means the jet thrust that
is developed under static conditions at
a specific altitude and atmospheric
temperature under the maximum con-
ditions of rotorshaft rotational speed
and gas temperature approved for the
normal takeoff, and limited in contin-
uous use to the period of time shown in
the approved engine specification.

Tandem wing configuration means a

configuration having two wings of
similar span, mounted in tandem.

TCAS I means a TCAS that utilizes

interrogations of, and replies from, air-
borne radar beacon transponders and
provides traffic advisories to the pilot.

TCAS II means a TCAS that utilizes

interrogations of, and replies from air-
borne radar beacon transponders and
provides traffic advisories and resolu-
tion advisories in the vertical plane.

TCAS III means a TCAS that utilizes

interrogation of, and replies from, air-
borne radar beacon transponders and
provides traffic advisories and resolu-
tion advisories in the vertical and hori-
zontal planes to the pilot.

Time in service, with respect to main-

tenance time records, means the time
from the moment an aircraft leaves the
surface of the earth until it touches it
at the next point of landing.

Traffic pattern means the traffic flow

that is prescribed for aircraft landing
at, taxiing on, or taking off from, an
airport.

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14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

§ 1.2

True airspeed means the airspeed of

an aircraft relative to undisturbed air.
True airspeed is equal to equivalent
airspeed multiplied by (

)

⁄

Type:
(1) As used with respect to the cer-

tification, ratings, privileges, and limi-
tations of airmen, means a specific
make and basic model of aircraft, in-
cluding modifications thereto that do
not change its handling or flight char-
acteristics. Examples include: DC–7,
1049, and F–27; and

(2) As used with respect to the cer-

tification of aircraft, means those air-
craft which are similar in design. Ex-
amples include: DC–7 and DC–7C; 1049G
and 1049H; and F–27 and F–27F.

(3) As used with respect to the cer-

tification of aircraft engines means
those engines which are similar in de-
sign. For example, JT8D and JT8D–7
are engines of the same type, and
JT9D–3A and JT9D–7 are engines of the
same type.

United States, in a geographical sense,

means (1) the States, the District of
Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the posses-
sions, including the territorial waters,
and (2) the airspace of those areas.

United States air carrier means a cit-

izen of the United States who under-
takes directly by lease, or other ar-
rangement, to engage in air transpor-
tation.

Unmanned aircraft means an aircraft

operated without the possibility of di-
rect human intervention from within
or on the aircraft.

Unmanned aircraft system means an

unmanned aircraft and its associated
elements (including communication
links and the components that control
the unmanned aircraft) that are re-
quired for the safe and efficient oper-
ation of the unmanned aircraft in the
airspace of the United States.

VFR over-the-top, with respect to the

operation of aircraft, means the oper-
ation of an aircraft over-the-top under
VFR when it is not being operated on
an IFR flight plan.

Warning area. A warning area is air-

space of defined dimensions, extending
from 3 nautical miles outward from the
coast of the United States, that con-
tains activity that may be hazardous
to nonparticipating aircraft. The pur-
pose of such warning areas is to warn

nonparticipating pilots of the potential
danger. A warning area may be located
over domestic or international waters
or both.

Weight-shift-control aircraft means a

powered aircraft with a framed piv-
oting wing and a fuselage controllable
only in pitch and roll by the pilot’s
ability to change the aircraft’s center
of gravity with respect to the wing.
Flight control of the aircraft depends
on the wing’s ability to flexibly deform
rather than the use of control surfaces.

Winglet or tip fin means an out-of-

plane surface extending from a lifting
surface. The surface may or may not
have control surfaces.

[Doc. No. 1150, 27 FR 4588, May 15, 1962]

DITORIAL

OTE

: For F

EDERAL

EGISTER

ci-

tations affecting § 1.1, see the List of CFR
Sections Affected, which appears in the
Finding Aids section of the printed volume
and at

www.govinfo.gov.

§ 1.2

Abbreviations and symbols.

In Subchapters A through K of this

chapter:

AFM means airplane flight manual.
AGL means above ground level.
ALS means approach light system.
APU means auxiliary power unit.
ASR

means airport surveillance

radar.

ATC means air traffic control.
ATS means Air Traffic Service.
CAMP means continuous airworthi-

ness maintenance program.

CAS means calibrated airspeed.
CAT II means Category II.
CMP means configuration, mainte-

nance, and procedures.

DH means decision height.
DME

means distance measuring

equipment compatible with TACAN.

EAS means equivalent airspeed.
EFVS means enhanced flight vision

system.

Equi-Time Point means a point on the

route of flight where the flight time,
considering wind, to each of two se-
lected airports is equal.

ETOPS means extended operations.
EWIS, as defined by § 25.1701 of this

chapter, means electrical wiring inter-
connection system.

FAA means Federal Aviation Admin-

istration.

FFS means full flight simulator.
FM means fan marker.

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Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

§ 1.2

FSTD means flight simulation train-

ing device.

FTD means flight training device.
GS means glide slope.
HIRL means high-intensity runway

light system.

IAS means indicated airspeed.
ICAO means International Civil Avia-

tion Organization.

IFR means instrument flight rules.
IFSD means in-flight shutdown.
ILS means instrument landing sys-

tem.

IM means ILS inner marker.
INT means intersection.
LDA means localizer-type directional

aid.

LFR

means low-frequency radio

range.

LMM means compass locator at mid-

dle marker.

LOC means ILS localizer.
LOM means compass locator at outer

marker.

M means mach number.
MAA means maximum authorized

IFR altitude.

MALS means medium intensity ap-

proach light system.

MALSR means medium intensity ap-

proach light system with runway align-
ment indicator lights.

MCA means minimum crossing alti-

tude.

MDA means minimum descent alti-

tude.

MEA means minimum en route IFR

altitude.

MEL means minimum equipment

list.

MM means ILS middle marker.
MOCA means minimum obstruction

clearance altitude.

MRA means minimum reception alti-

tude.

MSL means mean sea level.
NDB (ADF) means nondirectional

beacon (automatic direction finder).

NM means nautical mile.
NOPAC means North Pacific area of

operation.

NOPT means no procedure turn re-

quired.

OEI means one engine inoperative.
OM means ILS outer marker.
OPSPECS means operations specifica-

tions.

PACOTS means Pacific Organized

Track System.

PAR means precision approach radar.
PMA means parts manufacturer ap-

proval.

POC means portable oxygen concen-

trator.

PTRS means Performance Tracking

and Reporting System.

RAIL means runway alignment indi-

cator light system.

RBN means radio beacon.
RCLM

means runway centerline

marking.

RCLS means runway centerline light

system.

REIL means runway end identifica-

tion lights.

RFFS means rescue and firefighting

services.

RNAV means area navigation.
RR means low or medium frequency

radio range station.

RVR means runway visual range as

measured in the touchdown zone area.

SALS means short approach light sys-

tem.

SATCOM means satellite communica-

tions.

SSALS means simplified short ap-

proach light system.

SSALSR means simplified short ap-

proach light system with runway align-
ment indicator lights.

TACAN means ultra-high frequency

tactical air navigational aid.

TAS means true airspeed.
TCAS means a traffic alert and colli-

sion avoidance system.

TDZL means touchdown zone lights.
TSO means technical standard order.
TVOR means very high frequency ter-

minal omnirange station.

means design maneuvering

speed.

means design speed for maximum

gust intensity.

means design cruising speed.

means design diving speed.

means demonstrated flight

diving speed.

means the speed at which the

critical engine is assumed to fail dur-
ing takeoff.

means design flap speed.

means maximum speed for

stability characteristics.

means maximum flap extended

speed.

FTO

means final takeoff speed.

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14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

§ 1.3

means maximum speed in level

flight with maximum continuous
power.

means maximum landing gear

extended speed.

means maximum landing gear

operating speed.

LOF

means lift-off speed.

means minimum control speed

with the critical engine inoperative.

means maximum operating

limit speed.

means minimum unstick speed.

means never-exceed speed.

means maximum structural

cruising speed.

means rotation speed.

REF

means reference landing speed.

means the stalling speed or the

minimum steady flight speed at which
the airplane is controllable.

means the stalling speed or the

minimum steady flight speed in the
landing configuration.

means the stalling speed or the

minimum steady flight speed obtained
in a specific configuration.

means reference stall speed.

SRO

means reference stall speed in

the landing configuration.

SR1

means reference stall speed in a

specific configuration.

means speed at which onset of

natural or artificial stall warning oc-
curs.

TOSS

means takeoff safety speed for

Category A rotorcraft.

means speed for best angle of

climb.

means speed for best rate of

climb.

means the maximum speed in the

takeoff at which the pilot must take
the first action (e.g., apply brakes, re-
duce thrust, deploy speed brakes) to
stop the airplane within the accelerate-
stop distance. V

also means the min-

imum speed in the takeoff, following a
failure of the critical engine at V

, at

which the pilot can continue the take-
off and achieve the required height
above the takeoff surface within the
takeoff distance.

means takeoff safety speed.

2min

means minimum takeoff safety

speed.

VFR

means visual flight rules.

VGSI means visual glide slope indi-

cator.

VHF

means very high frequency.

VOR

means very high frequency om-

nirange station.

VORTAC

means collocated VOR and

TACAN.

[Doc. No. 1150, 27 FR 4590, May 15, 1962]

DITORIAL

OTE

: For F

EDERAL

EGISTER

ci-

tations affecting § 1.2, see the List of CFR
Sections Affected, which appears in the
Finding Aids section of the printed volume
and at

www.govinfo.gov.

§ 1.3

Rules of construction.

(a) In Subchapters A through K of

this chapter, unless the context re-
quires otherwise:

(1) Words importing the singular in-

clude the plural;

(2) Words importing the plural in-

clude the singular; and

(3) Words importing the masculine

gender include the feminine.

(b) In Subchapters A through K of

this chapter, the word:

(1)

Shall is used in an imperative

sense;

(2)

May is used in a permissive sense

to state authority or permission to do
the act prescribed, and the words ‘‘no
person may * * *’’ or ‘‘a person may
not * * *’’ mean that no person is re-
quired, authorized, or permitted to do
the act prescribed; and

(3)

Includes means ‘‘includes but is

not limited to’’.

[Doc. No. 1150, 27 FR 4590, May 15, 1962, as
amended by Amdt. 1–10, 31 FR 5055, Mar. 29,
1966]

PART 3—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

Subpart A—General Requirements Con-

cerning Type Certificated Products or
Products, Parts, Appliances, or Mate-
rials That May Be Used on Type-Certifi-
cated Products

Sec.
3.1

Applicability.

3.5

Statements about products, parts, appli-

ances and materials.

Subpart B—Security Threat Disqualification

3.200

Effect of Transportation Security Ad-

ministration notification on a certificate
or any part of a certificate held by an in-
dividual.

3.205

Effect of Transportation Security Ad-

ministration notification on applications

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