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177 

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 

§ 121.414 

(i) Proper operation of the controls 

and systems; 

(ii) Proper operation of environ-

mental and fault panels; 

(iii) Data and motion limitations of 

simulation; and 

(iv) The minimum airplane simulator 

equipment required by this part or part 
60 of this chapter, for each maneuver 
and procedure completed in an FFS or 
a flight training device. 

(e) The initial and transition flight 

training for check airmen (airplane) 
must include the following: 

(1) The safety measures for emer-

gency situations that are likely to de-
velop during a check. 

(2) The potential results of improper, 

untimely, or non-execution of safety 
measures during a check. 

(3) For pilot check airman (air-

plane)— 

(i) Training and practice in con-

ducting flight checks from the left and 
right pilot seats in the required nor-
mal, abnormal, and emergency proce-
dures to ensure competence to conduct 
the pilot flight checks required by this 
part; and 

(ii) The safety measures to be taken 

from either pilot seat for emergency 
situations that are likely to develop 
during a check. 

(4) For flight engineer check airmen 

(airplane), training to ensure com-
petence to perform assigned duties. 

(f) The requirements of paragraph (e) 

of this section may be accomplished in 
full or in part inflight, in an FFS, or in 
a flight training device, as appropriate. 

(g) The initial and transition flight 

training for check airmen who conduct 
training or checking in an FFS or a 
flight training device must include the 
following: 

(1) Training and practice in con-

ducting flight checks in the required 
normal, abnormal, and emergency pro-
cedures to ensure competence to con-
duct the flight checks required by this 
part. This training and practice must 
be accomplished in an FFS or in a 
flight training device. 

(2) Training in the operation of FFSs 

or flight training devices, or both, to 
ensure competence to conduct the 
flight checks required by this part. 

(h) Recurrent ground training for 

check airmen who conduct training or 

checking in an FFS or a flight training 
device must be completed every 12 cal-
endar months and must include the 
subjects required in paragraph (c)(7) of 
this section. 

(i) Compliance with paragraphs (c)(7), 

(d)(2), and (h) of this section is required 
no later than March 12, 2019. 

[Doc. No. 28471, 61 FR 30743, June 17, 1996; 62 
FR 3739, Jan. 24, 1997; Amdt. 121–264, 62 FR 
23120, Apr. 28, 1997; Amdt. 121–366, 78 FR 67838, 
Nov. 12, 2013; Amdt. 121–382, 85 FR 10922, Feb. 
25, 2020] 

§ 121.414 Initial, transition and recur-

rent training and checking require-

ments: flight instructors (airplane), 

flight instructors (simulator). 

(a) No certificate holder may use a 

person nor may any person serve as a 
flight instructor unless— 

(1) That person has satisfactorily 

completed initial or transition flight 
instructor training; and 

(2) Within the preceding 24 calendar 

months, that person satisfactorily con-
ducts instruction under the observa-
tion of an FAA inspector, an operator 
check airman, or an aircrew designated 
examiner employed by the operator. 
The observation check may be accom-
plished in part or in full in an airplane, 
in an FFS, or in a flight training de-
vice. 

(b) The observation check required 

by paragraph (a)(2) of this section is 
considered to have been completed in 
the month required if completed in the 
calendar month before, or the calendar 
month after, the month in which it is 
due. 

(c) The initial ground training for 

flight instructors must include the fol-
lowing: 

(1) Flight instructor duties, func-

tions, and responsibilities. 

(2) The applicable Code of Federal 

Regulations and the certificate hold-
er’s policies and procedures. 

(3) The appropriate methods, proce-

dures, and techniques for conducting 
flight instruction. 

(4) Proper evaluation of student per-

formance including the detection of— 

(i) Improper and insufficient train-

ing; and 

(ii) Personal characteristics of an ap-

plicant that could adversely affect 
safety. 

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178 

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition) 

§ 121.414 

(5) The corrective action in the case 

of unsatisfactory training progress. 

(6) The approved methods, proce-

dures, and limitations for performing 
the required normal, abnormal, and 
emergency procedures in the airplane. 

(7) Except for holders of a flight in-

structor certificate— 

(i) The fundamental principles of the 

teaching-learning process; 

(ii) Teaching methods and proce-

dures; and 

(iii) The instructor-student relation-

ship. 

(8) For flight instructors who con-

duct training in an FFS or a flight 
training device, the following subjects 
specific to the device(s) for the air-
plane type: 

(i) Proper operation of the controls 

and systems; 

(ii) Proper operation of environ-

mental and fault panels; 

(iii) Data and motion limitations of 

simulation; and 

(iv) The minimum airplane simulator 

equipment required by this part or part 
60 of this chapter, for each maneuver 
and procedure completed in an FFS or 
a flight training device. 

(d) The transition ground training for 

flight instructors must include the fol-
lowing: 

(1) The approved methods, proce-

dures, and limitations for performing 
the required normal, abnormal, and 
emergency procedures applicable to the 
airplane to which the flight instructor 
is transitioning. 

(2) For flight instructors who con-

duct training in an FFS or a flight 
training device, the following subjects 
specific to the device(s) for the air-
plane type to which the flight instruc-
tor is transitioning: 

(i) Proper operation of the controls 

and systems; 

(ii) Proper operation of environ-

mental and fault panels; 

(iii) Data and motion limitations of 

simulation; and 

(iv) The minimum airplane simulator 

equipment required by this part or part 
60 of this chapter, for each maneuver 
and procedure completed in an FFS or 
a flight training device. 

(e) The initial and transition flight 

training for flight instructors (air-
plane) must include the following: 

(1) The safety measures for emer-

gency situations that are likely to de-
velop during instruction. 

(2) The potential results of improper, 

untimely, or non-execution of safety 
measures during instruction. 

(3) For pilot flight instructor (air-

plane)— 

(i) Inflight training and practice in 

conducting flight instruction from the 
left and right pilot seats in the re-
quired normal, abnormal, and emer-
gency procedures to ensure competence 
as an instructor; and 

(ii) The safety measures to be taken 

from either pilot seat for emergency 
situations that are likely to develop 
during instruction. 

(4) For flight engineer instructors 

(airplane), inflight training to ensure 
competence to perform assigned duties. 

(f) The requirements of paragraph (e) 

of this section may be accomplished in 
full or in part inflight, in an FFS, or in 
a flight training device, as appropriate. 

(g) The initial and transition flight 

training for flight instructors who con-
duct training in an FFS or a flight 
training device must include the fol-
lowing: 

(1) Training and practice in the re-

quired normal, abnormal, and emer-
gency procedures to ensure competence 
to conduct the flight instruction re-
quired by this part. This training and 
practice must be accomplished in full 
or in part in an FFS or in a flight 
training device. 

(2) Training in the operation of FFSs 

or flight training devices, or both, to 
ensure competence to conduct the 
flight instruction required by this part. 

(h) Recurrent flight instructor 

ground training for flight instructors 
who conduct training in an FFS or a 
flight training device must be com-
pleted every 12 calendar months and 
must include the subjects required in 
paragraph (c)(8) of this section. 

(i) Compliance with paragraphs (c)(8), 

(d)(2), and (h) of this section is required 
no later than March 12, 2019. 

[Doc. No. 28471, 61 FR 30743, June 17, 1996; 62 
FR 3739, Jan. 24, 1997, as amended by Amdt. 
121–366, 78 FR 67838, Nov. 12, 2013; Amdt. 121– 
382, 85 FR 10922, Feb. 25, 2020]