190 

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition) 

§ 121.432 

(2) Permits training center personnel 

authorized under part 142 of this chap-
ter who meet the requirements of 
§§ 121.411 through 121.414 to provide 
training, testing, and checking under 
contract or other arrangement to those 
persons subject to the requirements of 
this subpart. 

(b) For the purpose of this subpart, 

the airplane groups and terms and defi-
nitions prescribed in § 121.400 and the 
following definitions apply: 

Consolidation 

is the process by which 

a person through practice and practical 
experience increases proficiency in 
newly acquired knowledge and skills. 

Line operating flight time 

is flight time 

performed in operations under this 
part. 

Operating cycle 

is a complete flight 

segment consisting of a takeoff, climb, 
enroute portion, descent, and a land-
ing. 

[Doc. No. 10171, 36 FR 12284, June 30, 1971, as 
amended by Amdt. 121–250, 60 FR 65949, Dec. 
20, 1995; Amdt. 121–248, 60 FR 20869, Apr. 27, 
1995; Amdt. 121–250, 60 FR 65949, Dec. 20, 1995; 
Amdt. 121–259, 61 FR 34561, July 2, 1996; 
Amdt. 121–263, 62 FR 13791, Mar. 21, 1997; 
Docket FAA–2010–0100, Amdt. 121–365B, 81 FR 
2, Jan. 4, 2016; Amdt. 121–382, 85 FR 10925, 
Feb. 25, 2020] 

§ 121.432 General. 

(a) Except in the case of operating 

experience under § 121.434 and ground 
training for mentoring required by 
§§ 121.419, 121.420, 121.427, and 121.429, as 
applicable, a pilot who serves as second 
in command of an operation that re-
quires three or more pilots must be 
fully qualified to act as pilot in com-
mand of that operation. 

(b) No certificate holder may conduct 

a check or any training in operations 
under this part, except for the fol-
lowing checks and training required by 
this part or the certificate holder: 

(1) Line checks for pilots. 
(2) Flight engineer checks (except for 

emergency procedures), if the person 
being checked is qualified and current 
in accordance with § 121.453(a). 

(3) Flight attendant training and 

competence checks. 

(c) Except for pilot line checks and 
flight engineer flight checks, the per-

son being trained or checked may not 
be used as a required crewmember. 

[Doc. No. 9509, 35 FR 95, Jan. 3, 1970, as 
amended by Amdt. 121–130, 41 FR 47229, Oct. 
28, 1976; Amdt. 121–366, 78 FR 67840, Nov. 12, 
2013; Amdt. 121–382, 85 FR 10925, Feb. 25, 2020] 

§ 121.433 Training required. 

(a) 

Initial training. 

No certificate 

holder may use any person nor may 
any person serve as a required crew-
member on an airplane unless that per-
son has satisfactorily completed, in a 
training program approved under sub-
part N of this part, initial ground and 
flight training for that type airplane 
and for the particular crewmember po-
sition, except as follows: 

(1) Crewmembers who have qualified 

and served as a crewmember on an-
other type airplane of the same group 
may serve in the same crewmember ca-
pacity upon completion of transition 
training as provided in § 121.415. 

(2) Crewmembers who have qualified 

and served as second in command or 
flight engineer on a particular type air-
plane may serve as pilot in command 
or second in command, respectively, 
upon completion of upgrade or conver-
sion training, as applicable, for that 
airplane as provided in § 121.415. 

(b) 

Differences training. 

No certificate 

holder may use any person nor may 
any person serve as a required crew-
member on an airplane of a type for 
which differences training is included 
in the certificate holder’s approved 
training program unless that person 
has satisfactorily completed, with re-
spect to both the crewmember position 
and the particular variation of the air-
plane in which the person serves, either 
initial or transition ground and flight 
training, or differences training, as 
provided in § 121.415. 

(c) 

Recurrent training. 

(1) No certifi-

cate holder may use any person nor 
may any person serve as a required 
crewmember on an airplane unless, 
within the preceding 12 calendar 
months— 

(i) For flight crewmembers, the per-

son has satisfactorily completed recur-
rent ground and flight training for that 
airplane and crewmember position and 
a flight check as applicable; 

(ii) For flight attendants and dis-

patchers, the person has satisfactorily 

191 

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 

§ 121.434 

completed recurrent ground training 
and a competence check; and 

(iii) In addition, for pilots in com-

mand the person has satisfactorily 
completed, within the preceding 6 cal-
endar months, recurrent flight training 
in addition to the recurrent flight 
training required in paragraph (c)(1)(i) 
of this section, in an airplane in which 
the person serves as pilot in command 
in operations under this part. 

(2) For pilots, a proficiency check as 

provided in § 121.441 of this part may be 
substituted for the recurrent flight 
training required by this paragraph 
and the approved FFS course of train-
ing under § 121.409(b) of this part may 
be substituted for alternate periods of 
recurrent flight training required in 
that airplane, except as provided in 
paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section. 

(d) For each airplane in which a pilot 

serves as pilot in command, the person 
must satisfactorily complete either re-
current flight training or a proficiency 
check within the preceding 12 calendar 
months. The requirement in this para-
graph expires on March 12, 2019. After 
that date, the requirement in 
§ 121.441(a)(1)(ii) of this part applies. 

(e) Notwithstanding paragraphs (c)(2) 

and (d) of this section, a proficiency 
check as provided in § 121.441 of this 
part may not be substituted for the ex-
tended envelope training required by 
§ 121.423 or training in those maneuvers 
and procedures set forth in a certifi-
cate holder’s approved low-altitude 
windshear flight training program 
when that program is included in a re-
current flight training course as re-
quired by § 121.409(d) of this part. 

[Doc. No. 9509, 35 FR 95, Jan. 3, 1970, as 
amended by Amdt. 121–91, 37 FR 10729, May 
27, 1972; Amdt. 121–199, 53 FR 37697, Sept. 27, 
1988; Amdt. 121–366, 78 FR 67840, Nov. 12, 2013; 
Amdt. 121–382, 85 FR 10925, Feb. 25, 2020] 

§ 121.434 Operating experience, oper-

ating cycles, and consolidation of 

knowledge and skills. 

(a) No certificate holder may use a 

person nor may any person serve as a 
required crewmember of an airplane 
unless the person has satisfactorily 
completed, on that type airplane and in 
that crewmember position, the oper-
ating experience, operating cycles, and 
the line operating flight time for con-

solidation of knowledge and skills, re-
quired by this section, except as fol-
lows: 

(1) Crewmembers other than pilots in 

command may serve as provided herein 
for the purpose of meeting the require-
ments of this section. 

(2) Pilots who are meeting the pilot 

in command requirements may serve as 
second in command. 

(3) Separate operating experience, op-

erating cycles, and line operating 
flight time for consolidation of knowl-
edge and skills are not required for 
variations within the same type air-
plane. 

(4) Deviation based upon designation 

of related aircraft in accordance with 
§ 121.418(b). 

(i) The Administrator may authorize 

a deviation from the operating experi-
ence, operating cycles, and line oper-
ating flight time for consolidation of 
knowledge and skills required by this 
section based upon a designation of re-
lated aircraft in accordance with 
§ 121.418(b) of this part and a determina-
tion that the certificate holder can 
demonstrate an equivalent level of 
safety. 

(ii) A request for deviation from the 

operating experience, operating cycles, 
and line operating flight time for con-
solidation of knowledge and skills re-
quired by this section based upon a des-
ignation of related aircraft must be 
submitted to the Administrator. The 
request must include the following: 

(A) Identification of aircraft operated 

by the certificate holder designated as 
related aircraft. 

(B) Hours of operating experience and 

number of operating cycles necessary 
based on review of the related aircraft, 
the operation, and the duty position. 

(C) Consolidation hours necessary 

based on review of the related aircraft, 
the operation, and the duty position. 

(iii) The administrator may, at any 

time, terminate a grant of deviation 
authority issued under this paragraph 
(a)(4). 

(b) In acquiring the operating experi-

ence, operating cycles, and line oper-
ating flight time for consolidation of 
knowledge and skills, crewmembers 
must comply with the following: