474 

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition) 

§ 135.229 

be encountered during the flight be-
cause of changed weather conditions 
since the forecast, the restrictions in 
paragraphs (c), (d), and (e) of this sec-
tion based on forecast conditions do 
not apply. 

[Doc. No. 16097, 43 FR 46783, Oct. 10, 1978, as 
amended by Amdt. 133–20, 51 FR 40710, Nov. 7, 
1986; Amdt. 135–46, 58 FR 69629, Dec. 30, 1993; 
Amdt. 135–60, 61 FR 2616, Jan. 26, 1996; Amdt. 
135–119, 74 FR 62696, Dec. 1, 2009] 

§ 135.229 Airport requirements. 

(a) No certificate holder may use any 

airport unless it is adequate for the 
proposed operation, considering such 
items as size, surface, obstructions, 
and lighting. 

(b) No pilot of an aircraft carrying 

passengers at night may takeoff from, 
or land on, an airport unless— 

(1) That pilot has determined the 

wind direction from an illuminated 
wind direction indicator or local 
ground communications or, in the case 
of takeoff, that pilot’s personal obser-
vations; and 

(2) The limits of the area to be used 

for landing or takeoff are clearly 
shown— 

(i) For airplanes, by boundary or run-

way marker lights; 

(ii) For helicopters, by boundary or 

runway marker lights or reflective ma-
terial. 

(c) For the purpose of paragraph (b) 

of this section, if the area to be used 
for takeoff or landing is marked by 
flare pots or lanterns, their use must 
be approved by the Administrator. 

Subpart E—Flight Crewmember 

Requirements 

§ 135.241 Applicability. 

Except as provided in § 135.3, this sub-

part prescribes the flight crewmember 
requirements for operations under this 
part. 

[Doc. No. 16097, 43 FR 46783, Oct. 10, 1978, as 
amended by Amdt. 121–250, 60 FR 65950, Dec. 
20, 1995] 

§ 135.243 Pilot in command qualifica-

tions. 

(a) No certificate holder may use a 

person, nor may any person serve, as 

pilot in command in passenger-car-
rying operations— 

(1) Of a turbojet airplane, of an air-

plane having a passenger-seat configu-
ration, excluding each crewmember 
seat, of 10 seats or more, or of a multi-
engine airplane in a commuter oper-
ation as defined in part 119 of this 
chapter, unless that person holds an 
airline transport pilot certificate with 
appropriate category and class ratings 
and, if required, an appropriate type 
rating for that airplane. 

(2) Of a helicopter in a scheduled 

interstate air transportation operation 
by an air carrier within the 48 contig-
uous states unless that person holds an 
airline transport pilot certificate, ap-
propriate type ratings, and an instru-
ment rating. 

(b) Except as provided in paragraph 

(a) of this section, no certificate holder 
may use a person, nor may any person 
serve, as pilot in command of an air-
craft under VFR unless that person— 

(1) Holds at least a commercial pilot 

certificate with appropriate category 
and class ratings and, if required, an 
appropriate type rating for that air-
craft; and 

(2) Has had at least 500 hours time as 

a pilot, including at least 100 hours of 
cross-country flight time, at least 25 
hours of which were at night; and 

(3) For an airplane, holds an instru-

ment rating or an airline transport 
pilot certificate with an airplane cat-
egory rating; or 

(4) For helicopter operations con-

ducted VFR over-the-top, holds a heli-
copter instrument rating, or an airline 
transport pilot certificate with a cat-
egory and class rating for that aircraft, 
not limited to VFR. 

(c) Except as provided in paragraph 

(a) of this section, no certificate holder 
may use a person, nor may any person 
serve, as pilot in command of an air-
craft under IFR unless that person— 

(1) Holds at least a commercial pilot 

certificate with appropriate category 
and class ratings and, if required, an 
appropriate type rating for that air-
craft; and 

(2) Has had at least 1,200 hours of 

flight time as a pilot, including 500 
hours of cross country flight time, 100 
hours of night flight time, and 75 hours 
of actual or simulated instrument time