474
14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)
§ 135.229
be encountered during the flight be-
cause of changed weather conditions
since the forecast, the restrictions in
paragraphs (c), (d), and (e) of this sec-
tion based on forecast conditions do
not apply.
[Doc. No. 16097, 43 FR 46783, Oct. 10, 1978, as
amended by Amdt. 133–20, 51 FR 40710, Nov. 7,
1986; Amdt. 135–46, 58 FR 69629, Dec. 30, 1993;
Amdt. 135–60, 61 FR 2616, Jan. 26, 1996; Amdt.
135–119, 74 FR 62696, Dec. 1, 2009]
§ 135.229 Airport requirements.
(a) No certificate holder may use any
airport unless it is adequate for the
proposed operation, considering such
items as size, surface, obstructions,
and lighting.
(b) No pilot of an aircraft carrying
passengers at night may takeoff from,
or land on, an airport unless—
(1) That pilot has determined the
wind direction from an illuminated
wind direction indicator or local
ground communications or, in the case
of takeoff, that pilot’s personal obser-
vations; and
(2) The limits of the area to be used
for landing or takeoff are clearly
shown—
(i) For airplanes, by boundary or run-
way marker lights;
(ii) For helicopters, by boundary or
runway marker lights or reflective ma-
terial.
(c) For the purpose of paragraph (b)
of this section, if the area to be used
for takeoff or landing is marked by
flare pots or lanterns, their use must
be approved by the Administrator.
Subpart E—Flight Crewmember
Requirements
§ 135.241 Applicability.
Except as provided in § 135.3, this sub-
part prescribes the flight crewmember
requirements for operations under this
part.
[Doc. No. 16097, 43 FR 46783, Oct. 10, 1978, as
amended by Amdt. 121–250, 60 FR 65950, Dec.
20, 1995]
§ 135.243 Pilot in command qualifica-
tions.
(a) No certificate holder may use a
person, nor may any person serve, as
pilot in command in passenger-car-
rying operations—
(1) Of a turbojet airplane, of an air-
plane having a passenger-seat configu-
ration, excluding each crewmember
seat, of 10 seats or more, or of a multi-
engine airplane in a commuter oper-
ation as defined in part 119 of this
chapter, unless that person holds an
airline transport pilot certificate with
appropriate category and class ratings
and, if required, an appropriate type
rating for that airplane.
(2) Of a helicopter in a scheduled
interstate air transportation operation
by an air carrier within the 48 contig-
uous states unless that person holds an
airline transport pilot certificate, ap-
propriate type ratings, and an instru-
ment rating.
(b) Except as provided in paragraph
(a) of this section, no certificate holder
may use a person, nor may any person
serve, as pilot in command of an air-
craft under VFR unless that person—
(1) Holds at least a commercial pilot
certificate with appropriate category
and class ratings and, if required, an
appropriate type rating for that air-
craft; and
(2) Has had at least 500 hours time as
a pilot, including at least 100 hours of
cross-country flight time, at least 25
hours of which were at night; and
(3) For an airplane, holds an instru-
ment rating or an airline transport
pilot certificate with an airplane cat-
egory rating; or
(4) For helicopter operations con-
ducted VFR over-the-top, holds a heli-
copter instrument rating, or an airline
transport pilot certificate with a cat-
egory and class rating for that aircraft,
not limited to VFR.
(c) Except as provided in paragraph
(a) of this section, no certificate holder
may use a person, nor may any person
serve, as pilot in command of an air-
craft under IFR unless that person—
(1) Holds at least a commercial pilot
certificate with appropriate category
and class ratings and, if required, an
appropriate type rating for that air-
craft; and
(2) Has had at least 1,200 hours of
flight time as a pilot, including 500
hours of cross country flight time, 100
hours of night flight time, and 75 hours
of actual or simulated instrument time
475
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT
§ 135.244
at least 50 hours of which were in ac-
tual flight; and
(3) For an airplane, holds an instru-
ment rating or an airline transport
pilot certificate with an airplane cat-
egory rating; or
(4) For a helicopter, holds a heli-
copter instrument rating, or an airline
transport pilot certificate with a cat-
egory and class rating for that aircraft,
not limited to VFR.
(d) Paragraph (b)(3) of this section
does not apply when—
(1) The aircraft used is a single recip-
rocating-engine-powered airplane;
(2) The certificate holder does not
conduct any operation pursuant to a
published flight schedule which speci-
fies five or more round trips a week be-
tween two or more points and places
between which the round trips are per-
formed, and does not transport mail by
air under a contract or contracts with
the United States Postal Service hav-
ing total amount estimated at the be-
ginning of any semiannual reporting
period (January 1–June 30; July 1–De-
cember 31) to be in excess of $20,000
over the 12 months commencing with
the beginning of the reporting period;
(3) The area, as specified in the cer-
tificate holder’s operations specifica-
tions, is an isolated area, as deter-
mined by the Flight Standards office, if
it is shown that—
(i) The primary means of navigation
in the area is by pilotage, since radio
navigational aids are largely ineffec-
tive; and
(ii) The primary means of transpor-
tation in the area is by air;
(4) Each flight is conducted under
day VFR with a ceiling of not less than
1,000 feet and visibility not less than 3
statute miles;
(5) Weather reports or forecasts, or
any combination of them, indicate that
for the period commencing with the
planned departure and ending 30 min-
utes after the planned arrival at the
destination the flight may be con-
ducted under VFR with a ceiling of not
less than 1,000 feet and visibility of not
less than 3 statute miles, except that if
weather reports and forecasts are not
available, the pilot in command may
use that pilot’s observations or those
of other persons competent to supply
weather observations if those observa-
tions indicate the flight may be con-
ducted under VFR with the ceiling and
visibility required in this paragraph;
(6) The distance of each flight from
the certificate holder’s base of oper-
ation to destination does not exceed 250
nautical miles for a pilot who holds a
commercial pilot certificate with an
airplane rating without an instrument
rating, provided the pilot’s certificate
does not contain any limitation to the
contrary; and
(7) The areas to be flown are ap-
proved by the responsible Flight Stand-
ards office and are listed in the certifi-
cate holder’s operations specifications.
[Doc. No. 16097, 43 FR 46783, Oct. 10, 1978;
Amdt. 135–1, 43 FR 49975, Oct. 26, 1978, as
amended by Amdt. 135–15, 46 FR 30971, June
11, 1981; Amdt. 135–58, 60 FR 65939, Dec. 20,
1995; Docket FAA–2018–0119, Amdt. 135–139, 83
FR 9175, Mar. 5, 2018]
§ 135.244 Operating experience.
(a) No certificate holder may use any
person, nor may any person serve, as a
pilot in command of an aircraft oper-
ated in a commuter operation, as de-
fined in part 119 of this chapter unless
that person has completed, prior to
designation as pilot in command, on
that make and basic model aircraft and
in that crewmember position, the fol-
lowing operating experience in each
make and basic model of aircraft to be
flown:
(1) Aircraft, single engine—10 hours.
(2) Aircraft multiengine, recipro-
cating engine-powered—15 hours.
(3) Aircraft multiengine, turbine en-
gine-powered—20 hours.
(4) Airplane, turbojet-powered—25
hours.
(b) In acquiring the operating experi-
ence, each person must comply with
the following:
(1) The operating experience must be
acquired after satisfactory completion
of the appropriate ground and flight
training for the aircraft and crew-
member position. Approved provisions
for the operating experience must be
included in the certificate holder’s
training program.
(2) The experience must be acquired
in flight during commuter passenger-
carrying operations under this part.
However, in the case of an aircraft not