475
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT
§ 135.244
at least 50 hours of which were in ac-
tual flight; and
(3) For an airplane, holds an instru-
ment rating or an airline transport
pilot certificate with an airplane cat-
egory rating; or
(4) For a helicopter, holds a heli-
copter instrument rating, or an airline
transport pilot certificate with a cat-
egory and class rating for that aircraft,
not limited to VFR.
(d) Paragraph (b)(3) of this section
does not apply when—
(1) The aircraft used is a single recip-
rocating-engine-powered airplane;
(2) The certificate holder does not
conduct any operation pursuant to a
published flight schedule which speci-
fies five or more round trips a week be-
tween two or more points and places
between which the round trips are per-
formed, and does not transport mail by
air under a contract or contracts with
the United States Postal Service hav-
ing total amount estimated at the be-
ginning of any semiannual reporting
period (January 1–June 30; July 1–De-
cember 31) to be in excess of $20,000
over the 12 months commencing with
the beginning of the reporting period;
(3) The area, as specified in the cer-
tificate holder’s operations specifica-
tions, is an isolated area, as deter-
mined by the Flight Standards office, if
it is shown that—
(i) The primary means of navigation
in the area is by pilotage, since radio
navigational aids are largely ineffec-
tive; and
(ii) The primary means of transpor-
tation in the area is by air;
(4) Each flight is conducted under
day VFR with a ceiling of not less than
1,000 feet and visibility not less than 3
statute miles;
(5) Weather reports or forecasts, or
any combination of them, indicate that
for the period commencing with the
planned departure and ending 30 min-
utes after the planned arrival at the
destination the flight may be con-
ducted under VFR with a ceiling of not
less than 1,000 feet and visibility of not
less than 3 statute miles, except that if
weather reports and forecasts are not
available, the pilot in command may
use that pilot’s observations or those
of other persons competent to supply
weather observations if those observa-
tions indicate the flight may be con-
ducted under VFR with the ceiling and
visibility required in this paragraph;
(6) The distance of each flight from
the certificate holder’s base of oper-
ation to destination does not exceed 250
nautical miles for a pilot who holds a
commercial pilot certificate with an
airplane rating without an instrument
rating, provided the pilot’s certificate
does not contain any limitation to the
contrary; and
(7) The areas to be flown are ap-
proved by the responsible Flight Stand-
ards office and are listed in the certifi-
cate holder’s operations specifications.
[Doc. No. 16097, 43 FR 46783, Oct. 10, 1978;
Amdt. 135–1, 43 FR 49975, Oct. 26, 1978, as
amended by Amdt. 135–15, 46 FR 30971, June
11, 1981; Amdt. 135–58, 60 FR 65939, Dec. 20,
1995; Docket FAA–2018–0119, Amdt. 135–139, 83
FR 9175, Mar. 5, 2018]
§ 135.244 Operating experience.
(a) No certificate holder may use any
person, nor may any person serve, as a
pilot in command of an aircraft oper-
ated in a commuter operation, as de-
fined in part 119 of this chapter unless
that person has completed, prior to
designation as pilot in command, on
that make and basic model aircraft and
in that crewmember position, the fol-
lowing operating experience in each
make and basic model of aircraft to be
flown:
(1) Aircraft, single engine—10 hours.
(2) Aircraft multiengine, recipro-
cating engine-powered—15 hours.
(3) Aircraft multiengine, turbine en-
gine-powered—20 hours.
(4) Airplane, turbojet-powered—25
hours.
(b) In acquiring the operating experi-
ence, each person must comply with
the following:
(1) The operating experience must be
acquired after satisfactory completion
of the appropriate ground and flight
training for the aircraft and crew-
member position. Approved provisions
for the operating experience must be
included in the certificate holder’s
training program.
(2) The experience must be acquired
in flight during commuter passenger-
carrying operations under this part.
However, in the case of an aircraft not
476
14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)
§ 135.245
previously used by the certificate hold-
er in operations under this part, oper-
ating experience acquired in the air-
craft during proving flights or ferry
flights may be used to meet this re-
quirement.
(3) Each person must acquire the op-
erating experience while performing
the duties of a pilot in command under
the supervision of a qualified check
pilot.
(4) The hours of operating experience
may be reduced to not less than 50 per-
cent of the hours required by this sec-
tion by the substitution of one addi-
tional takeoff and landing for each
hour of flight.
[Doc. No. 20011, 45 FR 7541, Feb. 4, 1980, as
amended by Amdt. 135–9, 45 FR 80461, Dec. 14,
1980; Amdt. 135–58, 60 FR 65940, Dec. 20, 1995]
§ 135.245 Second in command quali-
fications.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph
(b) of this section, no certificate holder
may use any person, nor may any per-
son serve, as second in command of an
aircraft unless that person holds at
least a commercial pilot certificate
with appropriate category and class
ratings and an instrument rating.
(b) A second in command of a heli-
copter operated under VFR, other than
over-the-top, must have at least a com-
mercial pilot certificate with an appro-
priate aircraft category and class rat-
ing.
(c) No certificate holder may use any
person, nor may any person serve, as
second in command under IFR unless
that person meets the following instru-
ment experience requirements:
(1)
Use of an airplane or helicopter for
maintaining instrument experience.
With-
in the 6 calendar months preceding the
month of the flight, that person per-
formed and logged at least the fol-
lowing tasks and iterations in-flight in
an airplane or helicopter, as appro-
priate, in actual weather conditions, or
under simulated instrument conditions
using a view-limiting device:
(i) Six instrument approaches;
(ii) Holding procedures and tasks;
and
(iii) Intercepting and tracking
courses through the use of navigational
electronic systems.
(2)
Use of an FSTD for maintaining in-
strument experience.
A person may ac-
complish the requirements in para-
graph (c)(1) of this section in an ap-
proved FSTD, or a combination of air-
craft and FSTD, provided:
(i) The FSTD represents the category
of aircraft for the instrument rating
privileges to be maintained;
(ii) The person performs the tasks
and iterations in simulated instrument
conditions; and
(iii) A flight instructor qualified
under § 135.338 or a check pilot qualified
under § 135.337 observes the tasks and
iterations and signs the person’s log-
book or training record to verify the
time and content of the session.
(d) A second in command who has
failed to meet the instrument experi-
ence requirements of paragraph (c) of
this section for more than six calendar
months must reestablish instrument
recency under the supervision of a
flight instructor qualified under
§ 135.338 or a check pilot qualified under
§ 135.337. To reestablish instrument
recency, a second in command must
complete at least the following areas of
operation required for the instrument
rating practical test in an aircraft or
FSTD that represents the category of
aircraft for the instrument experience
requirements to be reestablished:
(1) Air traffic control clearances and
procedures;
(2) Flight by reference to instru-
ments;
(3) Navigation systems;
(4) Instrument approach procedures;
(5) Emergency operations; and
(6) Postflight procedures.
[44 FR 26738, May 7, 1979, as amended by Doc.
No. FAA–2016–6142, 83 FR 30283, June 27, 2018]
§ 135.247 Pilot qualifications: Recent
experience.
(a) No certificate holder may use any
person, nor may any person serve, as
pilot in command of an aircraft car-
rying passengers unless, within the
preceding 90 days, that person has—
(1) Made three takeoffs and three
landings as the sole manipulator of the
flight controls in an aircraft of the
same category and class and, if a type
rating is required, of the same type in
which that person is to serve; or