496 

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition) 

§ 135.343 

the operation, safety will allow a devi-
ation from these requirements. This 
deviation authority does not extend to 
the training provided under § 135.336. 

(b) Each certificate holder required 

to have a training program by para-
graph (a) of this section shall include 
in that program ground and flight 
training curriculums for— 

(1) Initial training; 
(2) Transition training; 
(3) Upgrade training; 
(4) Differences training; and 
(5) Recurrent training. 
(c) Each certificate holder required 

to have a training program by para-
graph (a) of this section shall provide 
current and appropriate study mate-
rials for use by each required pilot and 
flight attendant. 

(d) The certificate holder shall fur-

nish copies of the pilot and flight at-
tendant crewmember training program, 
and all changes and additions, to the 
assigned representative of the Admin-
istrator. If the certificate holder uses 
training facilities of other persons, a 
copy of those training programs or ap-
propriate portions used for those facili-
ties shall also be furnished. Curricula 
that follow FAA published curricula 
may be cited by reference in the copy 
of the training program furnished to 
the representative of the Adminis-
trator and need not be furnished with 
the program. 

[Doc. No. 16097, 43 FR 46783, Oct. 10, 1978, as 
amended by Amdt. 135–18, 47 FR 33396, Aug. 2, 
1982; Amdt. 135–127, 78 FR 42379, July 15, 2013; 
Amdt. 135–127A, 78 FR 77574, Dec. 24, 2013] 

§ 135.343 Crewmember initial and re-

current training requirements. 

No certificate holder may use a per-

son, nor may any person serve, as a 
crewmember in operations under this 
part unless that crewmember has com-
pleted the appropriate initial or recur-
rent training phase of the training pro-
gram appropriate to the type of oper-
ation in which the crewmember is to 
serve since the beginning of the 12th 
calendar month before that service. 
This section does not apply to a certifi-
cate holder that uses only one pilot in 
the certificate holder’s operations. 

[Doc. No. 16097, 43 FR 46783, Oct. 10, 1978, as 
amended by Amdt. 135–18, 47 FR 33396, Aug. 2, 
1982] 

§ 135.345 Pilots: Initial, transition, and 

upgrade ground training. 

Initial, transition, and upgrade 

ground training for pilots must include 
instruction in at least the following, as 
applicable to their duties: 

(a) General subjects— 
(1) The certificate holder’s flight lo-

cating procedures; 

(2) Principles and methods for deter-

mining weight and balance, and run-
way limitations for takeoff and land-
ing; 

(3) Enough meteorology to ensure a 

practical knowledge of weather phe-
nomena, including the principles of 
frontal systems, icing, fog, thunder-
storms, windshear and, if appropriate, 
high altitude weather situations; 

(4) Air traffic control systems, proce-

dures, and phraseology; 

(5) Navigation and the use of naviga-

tional aids, including instrument ap-
proach procedures; 

(6) Normal and emergency commu-

nication procedures; 

(7) Visual cues before and during de-

scent below DA/DH or MDA; 

(8) ETOPS, if applicable; 
(9) After August 13, 2008, passenger 

recovery plan for any passenger-car-
rying operation (other than intrastate 
operations wholly within the state of 
Alaska) in the North Polar area; and 

(10) Other instructions necessary to 

ensure the pilot’s competence. 

(b) For each aircraft type— 
(1) A general description; 
(2) Performance characteristics; 
(3) Engines and propellers; 
(4) Major components; 
(5) Major aircraft systems (

i.e.

, flight 

controls, electrical, and hydraulic), 
other systems, as appropriate, prin-
ciples of normal, abnormal, and emer-
gency operations, appropriate proce-
dures and limitations; 

(6) Knowledge and procedures for— 
(i) Recognizing and avoiding severe 

weather situations; 

(ii) Escaping from severe weather sit-

uations, in case of inadvertent encoun-
ters, including low-altitude windshear 
(except that rotorcraft pilots are not 
required to be trained in escaping from 
low-altitude windshear); 

(iii) Operating in or near thunder-

storms (including best penetrating al-
titudes), turbulent air (including clear