496 

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition) 

§ 135.343 

the operation, safety will allow a devi-
ation from these requirements. This 
deviation authority does not extend to 
the training provided under § 135.336. 

(b) Each certificate holder required 

to have a training program by para-
graph (a) of this section shall include 
in that program ground and flight 
training curriculums for— 

(1) Initial training; 
(2) Transition training; 
(3) Upgrade training; 
(4) Differences training; and 
(5) Recurrent training. 
(c) Each certificate holder required 

to have a training program by para-
graph (a) of this section shall provide 
current and appropriate study mate-
rials for use by each required pilot and 
flight attendant. 

(d) The certificate holder shall fur-

nish copies of the pilot and flight at-
tendant crewmember training program, 
and all changes and additions, to the 
assigned representative of the Admin-
istrator. If the certificate holder uses 
training facilities of other persons, a 
copy of those training programs or ap-
propriate portions used for those facili-
ties shall also be furnished. Curricula 
that follow FAA published curricula 
may be cited by reference in the copy 
of the training program furnished to 
the representative of the Adminis-
trator and need not be furnished with 
the program. 

[Doc. No. 16097, 43 FR 46783, Oct. 10, 1978, as 
amended by Amdt. 135–18, 47 FR 33396, Aug. 2, 
1982; Amdt. 135–127, 78 FR 42379, July 15, 2013; 
Amdt. 135–127A, 78 FR 77574, Dec. 24, 2013] 

§ 135.343 Crewmember initial and re-

current training requirements. 

No certificate holder may use a per-

son, nor may any person serve, as a 
crewmember in operations under this 
part unless that crewmember has com-
pleted the appropriate initial or recur-
rent training phase of the training pro-
gram appropriate to the type of oper-
ation in which the crewmember is to 
serve since the beginning of the 12th 
calendar month before that service. 
This section does not apply to a certifi-
cate holder that uses only one pilot in 
the certificate holder’s operations. 

[Doc. No. 16097, 43 FR 46783, Oct. 10, 1978, as 
amended by Amdt. 135–18, 47 FR 33396, Aug. 2, 
1982] 

§ 135.345 Pilots: Initial, transition, and 

upgrade ground training. 

Initial, transition, and upgrade 

ground training for pilots must include 
instruction in at least the following, as 
applicable to their duties: 

(a) General subjects— 
(1) The certificate holder’s flight lo-

cating procedures; 

(2) Principles and methods for deter-

mining weight and balance, and run-
way limitations for takeoff and land-
ing; 

(3) Enough meteorology to ensure a 

practical knowledge of weather phe-
nomena, including the principles of 
frontal systems, icing, fog, thunder-
storms, windshear and, if appropriate, 
high altitude weather situations; 

(4) Air traffic control systems, proce-

dures, and phraseology; 

(5) Navigation and the use of naviga-

tional aids, including instrument ap-
proach procedures; 

(6) Normal and emergency commu-

nication procedures; 

(7) Visual cues before and during de-

scent below DA/DH or MDA; 

(8) ETOPS, if applicable; 
(9) After August 13, 2008, passenger 

recovery plan for any passenger-car-
rying operation (other than intrastate 
operations wholly within the state of 
Alaska) in the North Polar area; and 

(10) Other instructions necessary to 

ensure the pilot’s competence. 

(b) For each aircraft type— 
(1) A general description; 
(2) Performance characteristics; 
(3) Engines and propellers; 
(4) Major components; 
(5) Major aircraft systems (

i.e.

, flight 

controls, electrical, and hydraulic), 
other systems, as appropriate, prin-
ciples of normal, abnormal, and emer-
gency operations, appropriate proce-
dures and limitations; 

(6) Knowledge and procedures for— 
(i) Recognizing and avoiding severe 

weather situations; 

(ii) Escaping from severe weather sit-

uations, in case of inadvertent encoun-
ters, including low-altitude windshear 
(except that rotorcraft pilots are not 
required to be trained in escaping from 
low-altitude windshear); 

(iii) Operating in or near thunder-

storms (including best penetrating al-
titudes), turbulent air (including clear 

497 

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 

§ 135.351 

air turbulence), icing, hail, and other 
potentially hazardous meteorological 
conditions; and 

(iv) Operating airplanes during 

ground icing conditions, (

i.e.

, any time 

conditions are such that frost, ice, or 
snow may reasonably be expected to 
adhere to the airplane), if the certifi-
cate holder expects to authorize take-
offs in ground icing conditions, includ-
ing: 

(A) The use of holdover times when 

using deicing/anti-icing fluids; 

(B) Airplane deicing/anti-icing proce-

dures, including inspection and check 
procedures and responsibilities; 

(C) Communications; 
(D) Airplane surface contamination 

(

i.e.

, adherence of frost, ice, or snow) 

and critical area identification, and 
knowledge of how contamination ad-
versely affects airplane performance 
and flight characteristics; 

(E) Types and characteristics of deic-

ing/anti-icing fluids, if used by the cer-
tificate holder; 

(F) Cold weather preflight inspection 

procedures; 

(G) Techniques for recognizing con-

tamination on the airplane; 

(7) Operating limitations; 
(8) Fuel consumption and cruise con-

trol; 

(9) Flight planning; 
(10) Each normal and emergency pro-

cedure; and 

(11) The approved Aircraft Flight 

Manual, or equivalent. 

[Doc. No. 16097, 43 FR 46783, Oct. 10, 1978, as 
amended by Amdt. 135–27, 53 FR 37697, Sept. 
27, 1988; Amdt. 135–46, 58 FR 69630, Dec. 30, 
1993; Amdt. 135–108, 72 FR 1885, Jan. 16, 2007; 
Amdt. 135–110, 72 FR 31685, June 7, 2007; 
Amdt. 135–112, 73 FR 8798, Feb. 15, 2008] 

§ 135.347 Pilots: Initial, transition, up-

grade, and differences flight train-

ing. 

(a) Initial, transition, upgrade, and 

differences training for pilots must in-
clude flight and practice in each of the 
maneuvers and procedures in the ap-
proved training program curriculum. 

(b) The maneuvers and procedures re-

quired by paragraph (a) of this section 
must be performed in flight, except to 
the extent that certain maneuvers and 
procedures may be performed in an air-
craft simulator, or an appropriate 

training device, as allowed by this sub-
part. 

(c) If the certificate holder’s ap-

proved training program includes a 
course of training using an aircraft 
simulator or other training device, 
each pilot must successfully com-
plete— 

(1) Training and practice in the simu-

lator or training device in at least the 
maneuvers and procedures in this sub-
part that are capable of being per-
formed in the aircraft simulator or 
training device; and 

(2) A flight check in the aircraft or a 

check in the simulator or training de-
vice to the level of proficiency of a 
pilot in command or second in com-
mand, as applicable, in at least the ma-
neuvers and procedures that are capa-
ble of being performed in an aircraft 
simulator or training device. 

§ 135.349 Flight attendants: Initial and 

transition ground training. 

Initial and transition ground train-

ing for flight attendants must include 
instruction in at least the following— 

(a) General subjects— 
(1) The authority of the pilot in com-

mand; and 

(2) Passenger handling, including pro-

cedures to be followed in handling de-
ranged persons or other persons whose 
conduct might jeopardize safety. 

(b) For each aircraft type— 
(1) A general description of the air-

craft emphasizing physical characteris-
tics that may have a bearing on ditch-
ing, evacuation, and inflight emer-
gency procedures and on other related 
duties; 

(2) The use of both the public address 

system and the means of commu-
nicating with other flight crew-
members, including emergency means 
in the case of attempted hijacking or 
other unusual situations; and 

(3) Proper use of electrical galley 

equipment and the controls for cabin 
heat and ventilation. 

§ 135.351 Recurrent training. 

(a) Each certificate holder must en-

sure that each crewmember receives 
recurrent training and is adequately 
trained and currently proficient for the 
type aircraft and crewmember position 
involved.