title-14-part-141

592

SUBCHAPTER H—SCHOOLS AND OTHER CERTIFICATED

AGENCIES

PART 140

[

RESERVED

]

PART 141—PILOT SCHOOLS

PECIAL

EDERAL

VIATION

EGULATION

118–2

Subpart A—General

Sec.
141.1

Applicability.

141.3

Certificate required.

141.5

Requirements for a pilot school cer-

tificate.

141.7

Provisional pilot school certificate.

141.9

Examining authority.

141.11

Pilot school ratings.

141.13

Application for issuance, amendment,

or renewal.

141.17

Duration of certificate and examining

authority.

141.18

Carriage of narcotic drugs, mari-

juana, and depressant or stimulant drugs
or substances.

141.19

Display of certificate.

141.21

Inspections.

141.23

Advertising limitations.

141.25

Business office and operations base.

141.26

Training agreements.

141.27

Renewal of certificates and ratings.

141.29

[Reserved]

Subpart B—Personnel, Aircraft, and

Facilities Requirements

141.31

Applicability.

141.33

Personnel.

141.34

Employment of former FAA employ-

ees.

141.35

Chief instructor qualifications.

141.36

Assistant chief instructor qualifica-

tions.

141.37

Check instructor qualifications.

141.38

Airports.

141.39

Aircraft.

141.41

Full flight simulators, flight training

devices, aviation training devices, and
training aids.

141.43

Pilot briefing areas.

141.45

Ground training facilities.

Subpart C—Training Course Outline and

Curriculum

141.51

Applicability.

141.53

Approval procedures for a training

course: General.

141.55

Training course: Contents.

141.57

Special curricula.

Subpart D—Examining Authority

141.61

Applicability.

141.63

Examining authority qualification re-

quirements.

141.65

Privileges.

141.67

Limitations and reports.

Subpart E—Operating Rules

141.71

Applicability.

141.73

Privileges.

141.75

Aircraft requirements.

141.77

Limitations.

141.79

Flight training.

141.81

Ground training.

141.83

Quality of training.

141.85

Chief instructor responsibilities.

141.87

Change of chief instructor.

141.89

Maintenance of personnel, facilities,

and equipment.

141.91

Satellite bases.

141.93

Enrollment.

141.95

Graduation certificate.

Subpart F—Records

141.101

Training records.

PPENDIX

ART

141—R

ECREATIONAL

ILOT

ERTIFICATION

OURSE

PPENDIX

ART

141—P

RIVATE

ILOT

ERTIFICATION

OURSE

PPENDIX

ART

141—I

NSTRUMENT

ING

OURSE

PPENDIX

ART

141—C

OMMERCIAL

ILOT

ERTIFICATION

OURSE

PPENDIX

ART

141—A

IRLINE

RANS

PORT

ILOT

ERTIFICATION

OURSE

PPENDIX

ART

141—F

LIGHT

NSTRUCTOR

ERTIFICATION

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PPENDIX

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, H

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ERTIFICATION

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PPENDIX

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141—G

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PPENDIX

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141—A

DDITIONAL

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ATING

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ILOT

ERTIFICATE

PPENDIX

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141—S

PECIAL

REPARA

TION

OURSES

PPENDIX

ART

141—P

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ROUND

CHOOL

OURSE

PPENDIX

ART

141—C

OMBINED

RIVATE

ILOT

ERTIFICATION

AND

NSTRUMENT

ATING

OURSE

593

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

§ 141.11

UTHORITY

: 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 106(g), 40113,

44701–44703, 44707, 44709, 44711, 45102–45103,
45301–45302.

OURCE

: Docket No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr.

4, 1997, unless otherwise noted.

Subpart A—General

§ 141.1 Applicability.

This part prescribes the requirements

for issuing pilot school certificates,
provisional pilot school certificates,
and associated ratings, and the general
operating rules applicable to a holder
of a certificate or rating issued under
this part.

§ 141.3 Certificate required.

No person may operate as a certifi-

cated pilot school without, or in viola-
tion of, a pilot school certificate or
provisional pilot school certificate
issued under this part.

§ 141.5 Requirements for a pilot school

certificate.

The FAA may issue a pilot school

certificate with the appropriate ratings
if, within the 24 calendar months be-
fore the date application is made, the
applicant—

(a) Completes the application for a

pilot school certificate on the form and
in the manner prescribed by the FAA;

(b) Has held a provisional pilot school

certificate;

under subparts A through C of this part
for the school certificate and associ-
ated ratings sought;

(d) Has established a pass rate of 80

percent or higher on the first attempt
for all:

(1) Knowledge tests leading to a cer-

tificate or rating;

(2) Practical tests leading to a cer-

tificate or rating;

(3) End-of-course tests for an ap-

proved training course specified in ap-
pendix K of this part; and

(4) End-of-course tests for special

curricula courses approved under
§ 141.57.

(e) Has graduated at least 10 different

people from the school’s approved
training courses.

[Doc. No. FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42563, Aug.
21, 2009, as amended by Amdt. 141–14, 75 FR
56858, Sept. 17, 2010; Doc. No. FAA–2016–6142,
Amdt. 141ndash;20, 83 FR 30283, June 27, 2018]

§ 141.7 Provisional pilot school certifi-

cate.

An applicant that meets the applica-

ble requirements of subparts A, B, and
C of this part, but does not meet the
recent training activity requirements
of § 141.5(d) of this part, may be issued
a provisional pilot school certificate
with ratings.

§ 141.9 Examining authority.

The FAA issues examining authority

to a pilot school for a training course if
the pilot school and its training course
meet the requirements of subpart D of
this part.

[Doc. No. FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42563, Aug.
21, 2009]

§ 141.11 Pilot school ratings.

(a) The ratings listed in paragraph (b)

of this section may be issued to an ap-
plicant for:

(1) A pilot school certificate, pro-

vided the applicant meets the require-
ments of § 141.5 of this part; or

(2) A provisional pilot school certifi-

cate, provided the applicant meets the
requirements of § 141.7 of this part.

(b) An applicant may be authorized

to conduct the following courses:

(1)

Certification and rating courses.

(Appendixes A through J).

(i) Recreational pilot course.
(ii) Private pilot course.
(iii) Commercial pilot course.
(iv) Instrument rating course.
(v) Airline transport pilot course.
(vi) Flight instructor course.
(vii) Flight instructor instrument

course.

(viii) Ground instructor course.
(ix) Additional aircraft category or

class rating course.

(x) Aircraft type rating course.
(2)

Special preparation courses.

(Appen-

dix K).

(i) Pilot refresher course.
(ii) Flight instructor refresher

course.

594

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

§ 141.13

(iii) Ground instructor refresher

course.

(iv) Agricultural aircraft operations

course.

(v) Rotorcraft external-load oper-

ations course.

(vi) Special operations course.
(vii) Test pilot course.
(viii) Airline transport pilot certifi-

cation training program.

(3)

Pilot ground school course.

(Appen-

dix L).

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997, as
amended by Amdt. 141–17, 78 FR 42379, July
15, 2013; Amdt. 141–17A, 78 FR 53026, Aug. 28,
2013]

§ 141.13 Application for issuance,

amendment, or renewal.

(a) Application for an original certifi-

cate and rating, an additional rating,
or the renewal of a certificate under
this part must be made on a form and
in a manner prescribed by the Adminis-
trator.

(b) Application for the issuance or

amendment of a certificate or rating
must be accompanied by two copies of
each proposed training course cur-
riculum for which approval is sought.

§ 141.17 Duration of certificate and ex-

amining authority.

(a) Unless surrendered, suspended, or

revoked, a pilot school’s certificate or
a provisional pilot school’s certificate
expires:

(1) On the last day of the 24th cal-

endar month from the month the cer-
tificate was issued;

(2) Except as provided in paragraph

(b) of this section, on the date that any
change in ownership of the school oc-
curs;

(3) On the date of any change in the

facilities upon which the school’s cer-
tificate is based occurs; or

(4) Upon notice by the Administrator

that the school has failed for more
than 60 days to maintain the facilities,
aircraft, or personnel required for any
one of the school’s approved training
courses.

(b) A change in the ownership of a

pilot school or provisional pilot school
does not terminate that school’s cer-
tificate if, within 30 days after the date
that any change in ownership of the
school occurs:

(1) Application is made for an appro-

priate amendment to the certificate;
and

(2) No change in the facilities, per-

sonnel, or approved training courses is
involved.

the holder of a pilot school certificate
expires on the date that the pilot
school certificate expires, or is surren-
dered, suspended, or revoked.

§ 141.18 Carriage of narcotic drugs,

marijuana, and depressant or stim-

ulant drugs or substances.

If the holder of a certificate issued

under this part permits any aircraft
owned or leased by that holder to be
engaged in any operation that the cer-
tificate holder knows to be in violation
of § 91.19(a) of this chapter, that oper-
ation is a basis for suspending or re-
voking the certificate.

§ 141.19 Display of certificate.

(a) Each holder of a pilot school cer-

tificate or a provisional pilot school
certificate must display that certifi-
cate in a place in the school that is
normally accessible to the public and
is not obscured.

(b) A certificate must be made avail-

able for inspection upon request by:

(1) The Administrator;
(2) An authorized representative of

the National Transportation Safety
Board; or

(3) A Federal, State, or local law en-

forcement officer.

§ 141.21 Inspections.

Each holder of a certificate issued

under this part must allow the Admin-
istrator to inspect its personnel, facili-
ties, equipment, and records to deter-
mine the certificate holder’s:

(a) Eligibility to hold its certificate;
(b) Compliance with 49 U.S.C. 40101

seq.,

formerly the Federal Aviation Act

of 1958, as amended; and

Aviation Regulations.

§ 141.23 Advertising limitations.

(a) The holder of a pilot school cer-

tificate or a provisional pilot school
certificate may not make any state-
ment relating to its certification and

595

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

§ 141.27

ratings that is false or designed to mis-
lead any person contemplating enroll-
ment in that school.

(b) The holder of a pilot school cer-

tificate or a provisional pilot school
certificate may not advertise that the
school is certificated unless it clearly
differentiates between courses that
have been approved under part 141 of
this chapter and those that have not
been approved under part 141 of this
chapter.

tificate or a provisional pilot school
certificate must promptly remove:

(1) From vacated premises, all signs

indicating that the school was certifi-
cated by the Administrator; or

(2) All indications (including signs),

wherever located, that the school is
certificated by the Administrator when
its certificate has expired or has been
surrendered, suspended, or revoked.

§ 141.25 Business office and operations

base.

(a) Each holder of a pilot school or a

provisional pilot school certificate
must maintain a principal business of-
fice with a mailing address in the name
shown on its certificate.

(b) The facilities and equipment at

the principal business office must be
adequate to maintain the files and
records required to operate the busi-
ness of the school.

not be shared with, or used by, another
pilot school.

(d) Before changing the location of

the principal business office or the op-
erations base, each certificate holder
must notify the responsible Flight
Standards office for the area of the new
location, and the notice must be:

(1) Submitted in writing at least 30

days before the change of location; and

(2) Accompanied by any amendments

needed for the certificate holder’s ap-
proved training course outline.

(e) A certificate holder may conduct

training at an operations base other
than the one specified in its certificate,
if:

(1) The Administrator has inspected

and approved the base for use by the
certificate holder; and

(2) The course of training and any

needed amendments have been ap-
proved for use at that base.

[Docket No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997, as
amended by Docket FAA–2018–0119, Amdt.
141–19, 83 FR 9175, Mar. 5, 2018]

§ 141.26 Training agreements.

(a) A training center certificated

under part 142 of this chapter may pro-
vide the training, testing, and checking
for pilot schools certificated under this
part and is considered to meet the re-
quirements of this part, provided—

(1) There is a training agreement be-

tween the certificated training center
and the pilot school;

(2) The training, testing, and check-

ing provided by the certificated train-
ing center is approved and conducted
under part 142;

(3) The pilot school certificated

under this part obtains the Adminis-
trator’s approval for a training course
outline that includes the training, test-
ing, and checking to be conducted
under this part and the training, test-
ing, and checking to be conducted
under part 142; and

(4) Upon completion of the training,

testing, and checking conducted under
part 142, a copy of each student’s train-
ing record is forwarded to the part 141
school and becomes part of the stu-
dent’s permanent training record.

(b) A pilot school that provides flight

training for an institution of higher
education that holds a letter of author-
ization under § 61.169 of this chapter
must have a training agreement with
that institution of higher education.

[Doc. No. FAA–2010–0100, 78 FR 42379, July 15,
2013]

§ 141.27 Renewal of certificates and

ratings.

(a)

Pilot school.

(1) A pilot school may

apply for renewal of its school certifi-
cate and ratings within 30 days pre-
ceding the month the pilot school’s
certificate expires, provided the school
meets the requirements prescribed in
paragraph (a)(2) of this section for re-
newal of its certificate and ratings.

(2) A pilot school may have its school

certificate and ratings renewed for an
additional 24 calendar months if the
Administrator determines the school’s

596

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

§ 141.29

personnel, aircraft, facility and air-
port, approved training courses, train-
ing records, and recent training ability
and quality meet the requirements of
this part.

(3) A pilot school that does not meet

the renewal requirements in paragraph
(a)(2) of this section, may apply for a
provisional pilot school certificate if
the school meets the requirements of
§ 141.7 of this part.

(b)

Provisional pilot school.

(1) Except

as provided in paragraph (b)(3) of this
section, a provisional pilot school may
not have its provisional pilot school
certificate or the ratings on that cer-
tificate renewed.

(2) A provisional pilot school may

apply for a pilot school certificate and
associated ratings provided that school
meets the requirements of § 141.5 of this
part.

(3) A former provisional pilot school

may apply for another provisional pilot
school certificate, provided 180 days
have elapsed since its last provisional
pilot school certificate expired.

§ 141.29 [Reserved]

Subpart B—Personnel, Aircraft,

and Facilities Requirements

§ 141.31 Applicability.

(a) This subpart prescribes:
(1) The personnel and aircraft re-

quirements for a pilot school certifi-
cate or a provisional pilot school cer-
tificate; and

(2) The facilities that a pilot school

or provisional pilot school must have
available on a continuous basis.

(b) As used in this subpart, to have

continuous use of a facility, including
an airport, the school must have:

(1) Ownership of the facility or air-

port for at least 6 calendar months
after the date the application for ini-
tial certification and on the date of re-
newal of the school’s certificate is
made; or

(2) A written lease agreement for the

facility or airport for at least 6 cal-
endar months after the date the appli-
cation for initial certification and on
the date of renewal of the school’s cer-
tificate is made.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997]

§ 141.33 Personnel.

(a) An applicant for a pilot school

certificate or for a provisional pilot
school certificate must meet the fol-
lowing personnel requirements:

(1) Each applicant must have ade-

quate personnel, including certificated
flight instructors, certificated ground
instructors, or holders of a commercial
pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air
rating, and a chief instructor for each
approved course of training who is
qualified and competent to perform the
duties to which that instructor is as-
signed.

(2) If the school employs dispatchers,

aircraft handlers, and line and service
personnel, then it must instruct those
persons in the procedures and respon-
sibilities of their employment.

(3) Each instructor to be used for

ground or flight training must hold a
flight instructor certificate, ground in-
structor certificate, or commercial
pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air
rating, as appropriate, with ratings for
the approved course of training and
any aircraft used in that course.

(4) In addition to meeting the re-

quirements of paragraph (a)(3) of this
section, each instructor used for the
airline transport pilot certification
training program in § 61.156 of this
chapter must:

(i) Hold an airline transport pilot cer-

tificate with an airplane category mul-
tiengine class rating;

(ii) Have at least 2 years of experi-

ence as a pilot in command in oper-
ations conducted under § 91.1053(a)(2)(i)
or § 135.243(a)(1) of this chapter, or as a
pilot in command or second in com-
mand in any operation conducted
under part 121 of this chapter; and

(iii) If providing training in a flight

simulation training device, have re-
ceived training and evaluation within
the preceding 12 months from the cer-
tificate holder on—

(A) Proper operation of flight simu-

lator and flight training device con-
trols and systems;

(B) Proper operation of environ-

mental and fault panels,

simulation;

(D) Minimum equipment require-

ments for each curriculum; and

597

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

§ 141.35

(E) The maneuvers that will be dem-

onstrated in the flight simulation
training device.

(b) An applicant for a pilot school

certificate or for a provisional pilot
school certificate must designate a
chief instructor for each of the school’s
approved training courses, who must
meet the requirements of § 141.35 of this
part.

a pilot school certificate or for a provi-
sional pilot school certificate may des-
ignate a person to be an assistant chief
instructor for an approved training
course, provided that person meets the
requirements of § 141.36 of this part.

(d) A pilot school and a provisional

pilot school may designate a person to
be a check instructor for conducting
student stage checks, end-of-course
tests, and instructor proficiency
checks, provided:

(1) That person meets the require-

ments of § 141.37 of this part; and

(2) The school has an enrollment of

at least 10 students at the time des-
ignation is sought.

(e) A person, as listed in this section,

may serve in more than one position
for a school, provided that person is
qualified for each position.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997; Amdt.
141–12, 74 FR 42563, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 141–
17, 78 FR 42379, July 15, 2013; Amdt. 141–17A,
78 FR 53026, Aug. 28, 2013]

§ 141.34 Employment of former FAA

employees.

(a) Except as specified in paragraph

(c) of this section, no holder of a pilot
school certificate or a provisional pilot
school certificate may knowingly em-
ploy or make a contractual arrange-
ment which permits an individual to
act as an agent or representative of the
certificate holder in any matter before
the Federal Aviation Administration if
the individual, in the preceding 2
years—

(1) Served as, or was directly respon-

sible for the oversight of, a Flight
Standards Service aviation safety in-
spector; and

(2) Had direct responsibility to in-

spect, or oversee the inspection of, the
operations of the certificate holder.

(b) For the purpose of this section, an

individual shall be considered to be
acting as an agent or representative of
a certificate holder in a matter before
the agency if the individual makes any
written or oral communication on be-
half of the certificate holder to the
agency (or any of its officers or em-
ployees) in connection with a par-
ticular matter, whether or not involv-
ing a specific party and without regard
to whether the individual has partici-
pated in, or had responsibility for, the
particular matter while serving as a
Flight Standards Service aviation safe-
ty inspector.

not prohibit a holder of a pilot school
certificate or a provisional pilot school
certificate from knowingly employing
or making a contractual arrangement
which permits an individual to act as
an agent or representative of the cer-
tificate holder in any matter before the
Federal Aviation Administration if the
individual was employed by the certifi-
cate holder before October 21, 2011.

[Doc. No. FAA–2008–1154, 76 FR 52236, Aug. 22,
2011]

§ 141.35 Chief instructor qualifica-

tions.

(a) To be eligible for designation as a

chief instructor for a course of train-
ing, a person must meet the following
requirements:

(1) Hold a commercial pilot certifi-

cate or an airline transport pilot cer-
tificate, and, except for a chief instruc-
tor for a course of training solely for a
lighter-than-air rating, a current flight
instructor certificate. The certificates
must contain the appropriate aircraft
category and class ratings for the cat-
egory and class of aircraft used in the
course and an instrument rating, if an
instrument rating is required for en-
rollment in the course of training;

(2) Meet the pilot-in-command recent

flight experience requirements of § 61.57
of this chapter;

(3) Pass a knowledge test on—
(i) Teaching methods;
(ii) Applicable provisions of the

‘‘Aeronautical Information Manual’’;

(iii) Applicable provisions of parts 61,

91, and 141 of this chapter; and

(iv) The objectives and approved

course completion standards of the

598

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

§ 141.36

course for which the person seeks to
obtain designation.

(4) Pass a proficiency test on instruc-

tional skills and ability to train stu-
dents on the flight procedures and ma-
neuvers appropriate to the course;

(5) Except for a course of training for

gliders, balloons, or airships, the chief
instructor must meet the applicable re-
quirements in paragraphs (b), (c), and
(d) of this section; and

(6) A chief instructor for a course of

training for gliders, balloons or air-
ships is only required to have 40 per-
cent of the hours required in para-
graphs (b) and (d) of this section.

(b) For a course of training leading to

the issuance of a recreational or pri-
vate pilot certificate or rating, a chief
instructor must have:

(1) At least 1,000 hours as pilot in

command; and

(2) Primary flight training experi-

ence, acquired as either a certificated
flight instructor or an instructor in a
military pilot flight training program,
or a combination thereof, consisting of
at least—

(i) 2 years and a total of 500 flight

hours; or

(ii) 1,000 flight hours.
(c) For a course of training leading to

the issuance of an instrument rating or
a rating with instrument privileges, a
chief instructor must have:

(1) At least 100 hours of flight time

under actual or simulated instrument
conditions;

(2) At least 1,000 hours as pilot in

command; and

(3) Instrument flight instructor expe-

rience, acquired as either a certificated
flight instructor-instrument or an in-
structor in a military pilot flight
training program, or a combination
thereof, consisting of at least—

(i) 2 years and a total of 250 flight

hours; or

(ii) 400 flight hours.
(d) For a course of training other

than one leading to the issuance of a
recreational or private pilot certificate
or rating, or an instrument rating or a
rating with instrument privileges, a
chief instructor must have:

(1) At least 2,000 hours as pilot in

command; and

(2) Flight training experience, ac-

quired as either a certificated flight in-

structor or an instructor in a military
pilot flight training program, or a com-
bination thereof, consisting of at
least—

(i) 3 years and a total of 1,000 flight

hours; or

(ii) 1,500 flight hours.
(e) To be eligible for designation as

chief instructor for a ground school
course, a person must have 1 year of
experience as a ground school instruc-
tor at a certificated pilot school.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997, as
amended by Amdt. 141–10, 63 FR 20289, Apr.
23, 1998]

§ 141.36 Assistant chief instructor

qualifications.

(a) To be eligible for designation as

an assistant chief instructor for a
course of training, a person must meet
the following requirements:

(1) Hold a commercial pilot or an air-

line transport pilot certificate and, ex-
cept for the assistant chief instructor
for a course of training solely for a
lighter-than-air rating, a current flight
instructor certificate. The certificates
must contain the appropriate aircraft
category, class, and instrument ratings
if an instrument rating is required by
the course of training for the category
and class of aircraft used in the course;

(2) Meet the pilot-in-command recent

flight experience requirements of § 61.57
of this chapter;

(3) Pass a knowledge test on—
(i) Teaching methods;
(ii) Applicable provisions of the

‘‘Aeronautical Information Manual’’;

(iii) Applicable provisions of parts 61,

91, and 141 of this chapter; and

(iv) The objectives and approved

course completion standards of the
course for which the person seeks to
obtain designation.

(4) Pass a proficiency test on the

flight procedures and maneuvers appro-
priate to that course; and

(5) Meet the applicable requirements

in paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this
section. However, an assistant chief in-
structor for a course of training for
gliders, balloons, or airships is only re-
quired to have 40 percent of the hours
required in paragraphs (b) and (d) of
this section.

599

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

§ 141.37

(b) For a course of training leading to

the issuance of a recreational or pri-
vate pilot certificate or rating, an as-
sistant chief instructor must have:

(1) At least 500 hours as pilot in com-

mand; and

(2) Flight training experience, ac-

quired as either a certificated flight in-
structor or an instructor in a military
pilot flight training program, or a com-
bination thereof, consisting of at
least—

(i) 1 year and a total of 250 flight

hours; or

(ii) 500 flight hours.
(c) For a course of training leading to

the issuance of an instrument rating or
a rating with instrument privileges, an
assistant chief flight instructor must
have:

(1) At least 50 hours of flight time

under actual or simulated instrument
conditions;

(2) At least 500 hours as pilot in com-

mand; and

(3) Instrument flight instructor expe-

rience, acquired as either a certificated
flight instructor-instrument or an in-
structor in a military pilot flight
training program, or a combination
thereof, consisting of at least—

(i) 1 year and a total of 125 flight

hours; or

(ii) 200 flight hours.
(d) For a course of training other

than one leading to the issuance of a
recreational or private pilot certificate
or rating, or an instrument rating or a
rating with instrument privileges, an
assistant chief instructor must have:

(1) At least 1,000 hours as pilot in

command; and

(2) Flight training experience, ac-

quired as either a certificated flight in-
structor or an instructor in a military
pilot flight training program, or a com-
bination thereof, consisting of at
least—

(i) 1

⁄

years and a total of 500 flight

hours; or

(ii) 750 flight hours.
(e) To be eligible for designation as

an assistant chief instructor for a
ground school course, a person must
have 6 months of experience as a

ground school instructor at a certifi-
cated pilot school.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997, as
amended by Amdt. 141–10, 63 FR 20289, Apr.
23, 1998]

§ 141.37 Check instructor qualifica-

tions.

(a) To be designated as a check in-

structor for conducting student stage
checks, end-of-course tests, and in-
structor proficiency checks under this
part, a person must meet the eligibility
requirements of this section:

(1) For checks and tests that relate

to either flight or ground training, the
person must pass a test, given by the
chief instructor, on—

(i) Teaching methods;
(ii) Applicable provisions of the

‘‘Aeronautical Information Manual’’;

(iii) Applicable provisions of parts 61,

91, and 141 of this chapter; and

(iv) The objectives and course com-

pletion standards of the approved
training course for the designation
sought.

(2) For checks and tests that relate

to a flight training course, the person
must—

(i) Meet the requirements in para-

graph (a)(1) of this section;

(ii) Hold a commercial pilot certifi-

cate or an airline transport pilot cer-
tificate and, except for a check instruc-
tor for a course of training for a light-
er-than-air rating, a current flight in-
structor certificate. The certificates
must contain the appropriate aircraft
category, class, and instrument ratings
for the category and class of aircraft
used in the course;

(iii) Meet the pilot-in-command re-

cent flight experience requirements of
§ 61.57 of this chapter; and

(iv) Pass a proficiency test, given by

the chief instructor or assistant chief
instructor, on the flight procedures and
maneuvers of the approved training
course for the designation sought.

(3) For checks and tests that relate

to ground training, the person must—

(i) Meet the requirements in para-

graph (a)(1) of this section;

(ii) Except for a course of training for

a lighter-than-air rating, hold a cur-
rent flight instructor certificate or

600

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

§ 141.38

ground instructor certificate with rat-
ings appropriate to the category and
class of aircraft used in the course; and

(iii) For a course of training for a

lighter-than-air rating, hold a commer-
cial pilot certificate with a lighter-
than-air category rating and the appro-
priate class rating.

(b) A person who meets the eligibility

requirements in paragraph (a) of this
section must:

(1) Be designated, in writing, by the

chief instructor to conduct student
stage checks, end-of-course tests, and
instructor proficiency checks; and

(2) Be approved by the responsible

Flight Standards office for the school.

duct a stage check or an end-of-course
test of any student for whom the check
instructor has:

(1) Served as the principal instructor;

(2) Recommended for a stage check

or end-of-course test.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997, as
amended by Docket FAA–2018–0119, Amdt.
141–19, 83 FR 9175, Mar. 5, 2018]

§ 141.38 Airports.

(a) An applicant for a pilot school

certificate or a provisional pilot school
certificate must show that he or she
has continuous use of each airport at
which training flights originate.

(b) Each airport used for airplanes

and gliders must have at least one run-
way or takeoff area that allows train-
ing aircraft to make a normal takeoff
or landing under the following condi-
tions at the aircraft’s maximum cer-
tificated takeoff gross weight:

(1) Under wind conditions of not more

than 5 miles per hour;

(2) At temperatures in the operating

area equal to the mean high tempera-
ture for the hottest month of the year;

(3) If applicable, with the powerplant

operation, and landing gear and flap
operation recommended by the manu-
facturer; and

(4) In the case of a takeoff—
(i) With smooth transition from lift-

off to the best rate of climb speed with-
out exceptional piloting skills or tech-
niques; and

(ii) Clearing all obstacles in the take-

off flight path by at least 50 feet.

rection indicator that is visible from
the end of each runway at ground level;

(d) Each airport must have a traffic

direction indicator when:

(1) The airport does not have an oper-

ating control tower; and

(2) UNICOM advisories are not avail-

able.

(e) Except as provided in paragraph

(f) of this section, each airport used for
night training flights must have per-
manent runway lights;

(f) An airport or seaplane base used

for night training flights in seaplanes
is permitted to use adequate non-
permanent lighting or shoreline light-
ing, if approved by the Administrator.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997]

§ 141.39 Aircraft.

(a) When the school’s training facil-

ity is located within the U.S., an appli-
cant for a pilot school certificate or
provisional pilot school certificate
must show that each aircraft used by
the school for flight training and solo
flights:

(1) Is a civil aircraft of the United

States;

(2) Is certificated with a standard air-

worthiness certificate, a primary air-
worthiness certificate, or a special air-
worthiness certificate in the light-
sport category unless the FAA deter-
mines otherwise because of the nature
of the approved course;

(3) Is maintained and inspected in ac-

cordance with the requirements for air-
craft operated for hire under part 91,
subpart E, of this chapter;

(4) Has two pilot stations with en-

gine-power controls that can be easily
reached and operated in a normal man-
ner from both pilot stations (for flight
training); and

(5) Is equipped and maintained for

IFR operations if used in a course in-
volving IFR en route operations and in-
strument approaches. For training in
the control and precision maneuvering
of an aircraft by reference to instru-
ments, the aircraft may be equipped as
provided in the approved course of
training.

(b) When the school’s training facil-

ity is located outside the U.S. and the
training will be conducted outside the

601

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

§ 141.45

U.S., an applicant for a pilot school
certificate or provisional pilot school
certificate must show that each air-
craft used by the school for flight
training and solo flights:

(1) Is either a civil aircraft of the

United States or a civil aircraft of for-
eign registry;

(2) Is certificated with a standard or

primary airworthiness certificate or an
equivalent certification from the for-
eign aviation authority;

(3) Is maintained and inspected in ac-

cordance with the requirements for air-
craft operated for hire under part 91,
subpart E of this chapter, or in accord-
ance with equivalent maintenance and
inspection from the foreign aviation
authority’s requirements;

(4) Has two pilot stations with en-

gine-power controls that can be easily
reached and operated in a normal man-
ner from both pilot stations (for flight
training); and

(5) Is equipped and maintained for

[Doc. No. FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42563, Aug.
21, 2009, as amended by Amdt. 141–13, 75 FR
5223, Feb. 1, 2010]

§ 141.41 Full flight simulators, flight

training devices, aviation training

devices, and training aids.

An applicant for a pilot school cer-

tificate or a provisional pilot school
certificate must show that its full
flight simulators, flight training de-
vices, aviation training devices, train-
ing aids, and equipment meet the fol-
lowing requirements:

(a)

Full flight simulators and flight

training devices.

Each full flight simu-

lator and flight training device used to
obtain flight training credit in an ap-
proved pilot training course cur-
riculum must be:

(1) Qualified under part 60 of this

chapter, or a previously qualified de-
vice, as permitted in accordance with
§ 60.17 of this chapter; and

(2) Approved by the Administrator

for the tasks and maneuvers.

(b)

Aviation training devices.

Each

basic or advanced aviation training de-
vice used to obtain flight training cred-
it in an approved pilot training course
curriculum must be evaluated, quali-
fied, and approved by the Adminis-
trator.

(c)

Training aids and equipment.

Each

training aid, including any audiovisual
aid, projector, mockup, chart, or air-
craft component listed in the approved
training course outline, must be accu-
rate and relevant to the course for
which it is used.

[Docket FAA–2015–1846, Amdt. 141–18, 81 FR
21460, Apr. 12, 2016]

§ 141.43 Pilot briefing areas.

(a) An applicant for a pilot school

certificate or provisional pilot school
certificate must show that the appli-
cant has continuous use of a briefing
area located at each airport at which
training flights originate that is:

(1) Adequate to shelter students wait-

ing to engage in their training flights;

(2) Arranged and equipped for the

conduct of pilot briefings; and

(3) Except as provided in paragraph

(c) of this section, for a school with an
instrument rating or commercial pilot
course, equipped with private landline
or telephone communication to the
nearest FAA Flight Service Station.

(b) A briefing area required by para-

graph (a) of this section may not be
used by the applicant if it is available
for use by any other pilot school during
the period it is required for use by the
applicant.

required by paragraph (a)(3) of this sec-
tion is not required if the briefing area
and the flight service station are lo-
cated on the same airport, and are
readily accessible to each other.

§ 141.45 Ground training facilities.

An applicant for a pilot school or

provisional pilot school certificate
must show that:

(a) Except as provided in paragraph

(c) of this section, each room, training
booth, or other space used for instruc-
tional purposes is heated, lighted, and
ventilated to conform to local building,
sanitation, and health codes.

(b) Except as provided in paragraph

602

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

§ 141.51

is so located that the students in that
facility are not distracted by the train-
ing conducted in other rooms, or by
flight and maintenance operations on
the airport.

through an internet-based medium, the
holder of a pilot school certificate or
provisional pilot school certificate that
provides such training need not comply
with paragraphs (a) and (b) of this sec-
tion but must maintain in current sta-
tus a permanent business location and
business telephone number.

[Doc. No. FAA–2008–0938, 76 FR 54107, Aug. 31,
2011]

Subpart C—Training Course

Outline and Curriculum

§ 141.51 Applicability.

This subpart prescribes the cur-

riculum and course outline require-
ments for the issuance of a pilot school
certificate or provisional pilot school
certificate and ratings.

§ 141.53 Approval procedures for a

training course: General.

(a)

General.

An applicant for a pilot

school certificate or provisional pilot
school certificate must obtain the Ad-
ministrator’s approval of the outline of
each training course for which certifi-
cation and rating is sought.

(b)

Application.

(1) An application for

the approval of an initial or amended
training course must be submitted in
duplicate to the responsible Flight
Standards office for the area where the
school is based.

(2) An application for the approval of

an initial or amended training course
must be submitted at least 30 days be-
fore any training under that course, or
any amendment thereto, is scheduled
to begin.

(3) An application for amending a

training course must be accompanied
by two copies of the amendment.

(c)

Training courses.

An applicant for

a pilot school certificate or provisional
pilot school certificate may request ap-
proval for the training courses speci-
fied under § 141.11(b).

(d)

Additional rules for internet based

training courses.

An application for an

initial or amended training course of-

fered through an internet based me-
dium must comply with the following:

(1) All amendments must be identi-

fied numerically by page, date, and
screen. Minor editorial and typo-
graphical changes do not require FAA
approval, provided the school notifies
the FAA within 30 days of their inser-
tion.

(2) For monitoring purposes, the

school must provide the FAA an ac-
ceptable means to log-in and log-off
from a remote location to review all
elements of the course as viewed by
attendees and to by-pass the normal
attendee restrictions.

(3) The school must incorporate ade-

quate security measures into its inter-
net-based courseware information sys-
tem and into its operating and mainte-
nance procedures to ensure the fol-
lowing fundamental areas of security
and protection:

(i) Integrity.
(ii) Identification/Authentication.
(iii) Confidentiality.
(iv) Availability.
(v) Access control.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997; Amdt.
141–12, 74 FR 42563, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 141–
15, 76 FR 54107, Aug. 31, 2011, as amended by
Docket FAA–2018–0119, Amdt. 141–19, 83 FR
9175, Mar. 5, 2018]

§ 141.55 Training course: Contents.

(a) Each training course for which

approval is requested must meet the
minimum curriculum requirements in
accordance with the appropriate appen-
dix of this part.

(b) Except as provided in paragraphs

(d) and (e) of this section, each training
course for which approval is requested
must meet the minimum ground and
flight training time requirements in
accordance with the appropriate appen-
dix of this part.

proval is requested must contain:

(1) A description of each room used

for ground training, including the
room’s size and the maximum number
of students that may be trained in the
room at one time, unless the course is
provided via an internet-based training
medium;

603

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

§ 141.57

(2) A description of each type of

audiovisual aid, projector, tape re-
corder, mockup, chart, aircraft compo-
nent, and other special training aids
used for ground training;

(3) A description of each flight simu-

lator or flight training device used for
training;

(4) A listing of the airports at which

training flights originate and a descrip-
tion of the facilities, including pilot
briefing areas that are available for use
by the school’s students and personnel
at each of those airports;

(5) A description of the type of air-

craft including any special equipment
used for each phase of training;

(6) The minimum qualifications and

ratings for each instructor assigned to
ground or flight training; and

(7) A training syllabus that includes

the following information—

(i) The prerequisites for enrolling in

the ground and flight portion of the
course that include the pilot certifi-
cate and rating (if required by this
part), training, pilot experience, and
pilot knowledge;

(ii) A detailed description of each les-

son, including the lesson’s objectives,
standards, and planned time for com-
pletion;

(iii) A description of what the course

is expected to accomplish with regard
to student learning;

(iv) The expected accomplishments

and the standards for each stage of
training; and

(v) A description of the checks and

tests to be used to measure a student’s
accomplishments for each stage of
training.

(d) A pilot school may request and re-

ceive initial approval for a period of
not more than 24 calendar months for
any training course under this part
that does not meet the minimum
ground and flight training time re-
quirements, provided the following pro-
visions are met:

(1) The school holds a pilot school

certificate issued under this part and
has held that certificate for a period of
at least 24 consecutive calendar
months preceding the month of the re-
quest;

(2) In addition to the information re-

quired by paragraph (c) of this section,
the training course specifies planned

ground and flight training time re-
quirements for the course;

(3) The school does not request the

training course to be approved for ex-
amining authority, nor may that
school hold examining authority for
that course; and

(4) The practical test or knowledge

test for the course is to be given by—

(i) An FAA inspector; or
(ii) An examiner who is not an em-

ployee of the school.

(e) A pilot school may request and re-

ceive final approval for any training
course under this part that does not
meet the minimum ground and flight
training time requirements, provided
the following conditions are met:

(1) The school has held initial ap-

proval for that training course for at
least 24 calendar months.

(2) The school has—
(i) Trained at least 10 students in

that training course within the pre-
ceding 24 calendar months and rec-
ommended those students for a pilot,
flight instructor, or ground instructor
certificate or rating; and

(ii) At least 80 percent of those stu-

dents passed the practical or knowl-
edge test, as appropriate, on the first
attempt, and that test was given by—

(A) An FAA inspector; or
(B) An examiner who is not an em-

ployee of the school.

(3) In addition to the information re-

quired by paragraph (c) of this section,
the training course specifies planned
ground and flight training time re-
quirements for the course.

(4) The school does not request that

the training course be approved for ex-
amining authority nor may that school
hold examining authority for that
course.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997, as
amended by Amdt. 141–12, 74 FR 42563, Aug.
21, 2009; Amdt. 141–15, 76 FR 54107, Aug. 31,
2011]

§ 141.57 Special curricula.

An applicant for a pilot school cer-

tificate or provisional pilot school cer-
tificate may apply for approval to con-
duct a special course of airman train-
ing for which a curriculum is not pre-
scribed in the appendixes of this part,
if the applicant shows that the training
course contains features that could

604

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

§ 141.61

achieve a level of pilot proficiency
equivalent to that achieved by a train-
ing course prescribed in the appendixes
of this part or the requirements of part
61 of this chapter.

Subpart D—Examining Authority

§ 141.61 Applicability.

This subpart prescribes the require-

ments for the issuance of examining
authority to the holder of a pilot
school certificate, and the privileges
and limitations of that examining au-
thority.

§ 141.63 Examining authority quali-

fication requirements.

(a) A pilot school must meet the fol-

lowing prerequisites to receive initial
approval for examining authority:

(1) The school must complete the ap-

plication for examining authority on a
form and in a manner prescribed by the
Administrator;

(2) The school must hold a pilot

school certificate and rating issued
under this part;

(3) The school must have held the

rating in which examining authority is
sought for at least 24 consecutive cal-
endar months preceding the month of
application for examining authority;

(4) The training course for which ex-

amining authority is requested may
not be a course that is approved with-
out meeting the minimum ground and
flight training time requirements of
this part; and

(5) Within 24 calendar months before

the date of application for examining
authority, that school must meet the
following requirements—

(i) The school must have trained at

least 10 students in the training course
for which examining authority is
sought and recommended those stu-
dents for a pilot, flight instructor, or
ground instructor certificate or rating;
and

(ii) At least 90 percent of those stu-

dents passed the required practical or
knowledge test, or any combination
thereof, for the pilot, flight instructor,
or ground instructor certificate or rat-
ing on the first attempt, and that test
was given by—

(A) An FAA inspector; or

(B) An examiner who is not an em-

ployee of the school.

(b) A pilot school must meet the fol-

lowing requirements to retain approval
of its examining authority:

(1) The school must complete the ap-

plication for renewal of its examining
authority on a form and in a manner
prescribed by the Administrator;

(2) The school must hold a pilot

school certificate and rating issued
under this part;

(3) The school must have held the

rating for which continued examining
authority is sought for at least 24 cal-
endar months preceding the month of
application for renewal of its exam-
ining authority; and

(4) The training course for which con-

tinued examining authority is re-
quested may not be a course that is ap-
proved without meeting the minimum
ground and flight training time re-
quirements of this part.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997]

§ 141.65 Privileges.

A pilot school that holds examining

authority may recommend a person
who graduated from its course for the
appropriate pilot, flight instructor, or
ground instructor certificate or rating
without taking the FAA knowledge
test or practical test in accordance
with the provisions of this subpart.

§ 141.67 Limitations and reports.

A pilot school that holds examining

authority may only recommend the
issuance of a pilot, flight instructor, or
ground instructor certificate and rat-
ing to a person who does not take an
FAA knowledge test or practical test,
if the recommendation for the issuance
of that certificate or rating is in ac-
cordance with the following require-
ments:

(a) The person graduated from a

training course for which the pilot
school holds examining authority.

(b) Except as provided in this para-

graph, the person satisfactorily com-
pleted all the curriculum requirements
of that pilot school’s approved training
course. A person who transfers from
one part 141 approved pilot school to
another part 141 approved pilot school
may receive credit for that previous

605

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

§ 141.73

training, provided the following re-
quirements are met:

(1) The maximum credited training

time does not exceed one-half of the re-
ceiving school’s curriculum require-
ments;

(2) The person completes a knowledge

and proficiency test conducted by the
receiving school for the purpose of de-
termining the amount of pilot experi-
ence and knowledge to be credited;

(3) The receiving school determines

(based on the person’s performance on
the knowledge and proficiency test re-
quired by paragraph (b)(2) of this sec-
tion) the amount of credit to be award-
ed, and records that credit in the per-
son’s training record;

(4) The person who requests credit for

previous pilot experience and knowl-
edge obtained the experience and
knowledge from another part 141 ap-
proved pilot school and training
course; and

(5) The receiving school retains a

copy of the person’s training record
from the previous school.

holds examining authority must be ap-
proved by the Administrator and be at
least equal in scope, depth, and dif-
ficulty to the comparable knowledge
and practical tests prescribed by the
Administrator under part 61 of this
chapter.

(d) A pilot school that holds exam-

ining authority may not use its knowl-
edge or practical tests if the school:

(1) Knows, or has reason to believe,

the test has been compromised; or

(2) Is notified by the responsible

Flight Standards office that there is
reason to believe or it is known that
the test has been compromised.

(e) A pilot school that holds exam-

ining authority must maintain a
record of all temporary airman certifi-
cates it issues, which consist of the fol-
lowing information:

(1) A chronological listing that in-

cludes—

(i) The date the temporary airman

certificate was issued;

(ii) The student to whom the tem-

porary airman certificate was issued,
and that student’s permanent mailing
address and telephone number;

(iii) The training course from which

the student graduated;

(iv) The name of person who con-

ducted the knowledge or practical test;

(v) The type of temporary airman

certificate or rating issued to the stu-
dent; and

(vi) The date the student’s airman

application file was sent to the FAA
for processing for a permanent airman
certificate.

(2) A copy of the record containing

each student’s graduation certificate,
airman application, temporary airman
certificate, superseded airman certifi-
cate (if applicable), and knowledge test
or practical test results; and

(3) The records required by paragraph

(e) of this section must be retained for
1 year and made available to the Ad-
ministrator upon request. These
records must be surrendered to the Ad-
ministrator when the pilot school
ceases to have examining authority.

(f) Except for pilot schools that have

an airman certification representative,
when a student passes the knowledge
test or practical test, the pilot school
that holds examining authority must
submit that student’s airman applica-
tion file and training record to the
FAA for processing for the issuance of
a permanent airman certificate.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997, as
amended by Docket FAA–2018–0119, Amdt.
141–19, 83 FR 9176, Mar. 5, 2018]

Subpart E—Operating Rules

§ 141.71 Applicability.

This subpart prescribes the operating

rules applicable to a pilot school or
provisional pilot school certificated
under the provisions of this part.

§ 141.73 Privileges.

(a) The holder of a pilot school cer-

tificate or a provisional pilot school
certificate may advertise and conduct
approved pilot training courses in ac-
cordance with the certificate and any
ratings that it holds.

(b) A pilot school that holds exam-

ining authority for an approved train-
ing course may recommend a graduate
of that course for the issuance of an ap-
propriate pilot, flight instructor, or
ground instructor certificate and rat-
ing, without taking an FAA knowledge
test or practical test, provided the

606

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

§ 141.75

training course has been approved and
meets the minimum ground and flight
training time requirements of this
part.

§ 141.75 Aircraft requirements.

The following items must be carried

on each aircraft used for flight training
and solo flights:

(a) A pretakeoff and prelanding

checklist; and

(b) The operator’s handbook for the

aircraft, if one is furnished by the man-
ufacturer, or copies of the handbook if
furnished to each student using the air-
craft.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997]

§ 141.77 Limitations.

(a) The holder of a pilot school cer-

tificate or a provisional pilot school
certificate may not issue a graduation
certificate to a student, or recommend
a student for a pilot certificate or rat-
ing, unless the student has:

(1) Completed the training specified

in the pilot school’s course of training;
and

(2) Passed the required final tests.
(b) Except as provided in paragraph

(c) of this section, the holder of a pilot
school certificate or a provisional pilot
school certificate may not graduate a
student from a course of training un-
less the student has completed all of
the curriculum requirements of that
course;

wards the curriculum requirements of
a course for previous training under
the following conditions:

(1) If the student completed a pro-

ficiency test and knowledge test that
was conducted by the receiving pilot
school and the previous training was
based on a part 141- or a part 142-ap-
proved flight training course, the cred-
it is limited to not more than 50 per-
cent of the flight training require-
ments of the curriculum.

(2) If the student completed a knowl-

edge test that was conducted by the re-
ceiving pilot school and the previous
training was based on a part 141- or a
part 142-approved aeronautical knowl-
edge training course, the credit is lim-
ited to not more than 50 percent of the
aeronautical knowledge training re-
quirements of the curriculum.

(3) If the student completed a pro-

ficiency test and knowledge test that
was conducted by the receiving pilot
school and the training was received
from other than a part 141- or a part
142-approved flight training course, the
credit is limited to not more than 25
percent of the flight training require-
ments of the curriculum.

(4) If the student completed a knowl-

edge test that was conducted by the re-
ceiving pilot school and the previous
training was received from other than
a part 141- or a part 142-approved aero-
nautical knowledge training course,
the credit is limited to not more than
25 percent of the aeronautical knowl-
edge training requirements of the cur-
riculum.

(5) Completion of previous training

must be certified in the student’s
training record by the training pro-
vider or a management official within
the training provider’s organization,
and must contain—

(i) The kind and amount of training

provided; and

(ii) The result of each stage check

and end-of-course test, if appropriate.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997; Amdt.
141–12, 74 FR 42564, Aug. 21, 2009]

§ 141.79 Flight training.

(a) No person other than a certifi-

cated flight instructor or commercial
pilot with a lighter-than-air rating who
has the ratings and the minimum
qualifications specified in the approved
training course outline may give a stu-
dent flight training under an approved
course of training.

(b) No student pilot may be author-

ized to start a solo practice flight from
an airport until the flight has been ap-
proved by a certificated flight instruc-
tor or commercial pilot with a lighter-
than-air rating who is present at that
airport.

ant chief instructor assigned to a
training course must complete, at least
once every 12 calendar months, an ap-
proved syllabus of training consisting
of ground or flight training, or both, or
an approved flight instructor refresher
course.

(d) Each certificated flight instructor

or commercial pilot with a lighter-

607

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

§ 141.85

than-air rating who is assigned to a
flight training course must satisfac-
torily complete the following tasks,
which must be administered by the
school’s chief instructor, assistant
chief instructor, or check instructor:

(1) Prior to receiving authorization

to train students in a flight training
course, must—

(i) Accomplish a review of and re-

ceive a briefing on the objectives and
standards of that training course; and

(ii) Accomplish an initial proficiency

check in each make and model of air-
craft used in that training course in
which that person provides training;
and

(2) Every 12 calendar months after

the month in which the person last
complied with the requirements of
paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of this section, ac-
complish a recurrent proficiency check
in one of the aircraft in which the per-
son trains students.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997]

§ 141.81 Ground training.

(a) Except as provided in paragraph

(b) of this section, each instructor who
is assigned to a ground training course
must hold a flight or ground instructor
certificate, or a commercial pilot cer-
tificate with a lighter-than-air rating,
with the appropriate rating for that
course of training.

(b) A person who does not meet the

requirements of paragraph (a) of this
section may be assigned ground train-
ing duties in a ground training course,
if:

(1) The chief instructor who is as-

signed to that ground training course
finds the person qualified to give that
training; and

(2) The training is given while under

the supervision of the chief instructor
or the assistant chief instructor who is
present at the facility when the train-
ing is given.

a ground training course until that in-
structor has been briefed on the objec-
tives and standards of that course by
the chief instructor, assistant chief in-
structor, or check instructor.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997]

§ 141.83 Quality of training.

(a) Each pilot school or provisional

pilot school must meet the following
requirements:

(1) Comply with its approved training

course; and

(2) Provide training of such quality

that meets the requirements of
§ 141.5(d) of this part.

(b) The failure of a pilot school or

provisional pilot school to maintain
the quality of training specified in
paragraph (a) of this section may be
the basis for suspending or revoking
that school’s certificate.

trator, a pilot school or provisional
pilot school must allow the FAA to ad-
minister any knowledge test, practical
test, stage check, or end-of-course test
to its students.

(d) When a stage check or end-of-

course test is administered by the FAA
under the provisions of paragraph (c) of
this section, and the student has not
completed the training course, then
that test will be based on the standards
prescribed in the school’s approved
training course.

(e) When a practical test or knowl-

edge test is administered by the FAA
under the provisions of paragraph (c) of
this section, to a student who has com-
pleted the school’s training course,
that test will be based upon the areas
of operation approved by the Adminis-
trator.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997]

§ 141.85 Chief instructor responsibil-

ities.

(a) A chief instructor designated for a

pilot school or provisional pilot school
is responsible for:

(1) Certifying each student’s training

record, graduation certificate, stage
check and end-of-course test reports,
and recommendation for course com-
pletion, unless the duties are delegated
by the chief instructor to an assistant
chief instructor or recommending in-
structor;

(2) Ensuring that each certificated

flight instructor, certificated ground
instructor, or commercial pilot with a
lighter-than-air rating passes an initial

608

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

§ 141.87

proficiency check prior to that instruc-
tor being assigned instructing duties in
the school’s approved training course,
and thereafter that the instructor
passes a recurrent proficiency check
every 12 calendar months after the
month in which the initial test was ac-
complished;

(3) Ensuring that each student ac-

complishes the required stage checks
and end-of-course tests in accordance
with the school’s approved training
course; and

(4) Maintaining training techniques,

procedures, and standards for the
school that are acceptable to the Ad-
ministrator.

(b) The chief instructor or an assist-

ant chief instructor must be available
at the pilot school or, if away from the
pilot school, be available by telephone,
radio, or other electronic means during
the time that training is given for an
approved training course.

authority for conducting stage checks,
end-of-course tests, and flight instruc-
tor proficiency checks to the assistant
chief instructor or a check instructor.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997; Amdt.
141–12, 74 FR 42564, Aug. 21, 2009]

§ 141.87 Change of chief instructor.

Whenever a pilot school or provi-

sional pilot school makes a change of
designation of its chief instructor, that
school:

(a) Must immediately provide the

FAA responsible Flight Standards of-
fice in which the school is located with
written notification of the change;

(b) May conduct training without a

chief instructor for that training
course for a period not to exceed 60
days while awaiting the designation
and approval of another chief instruc-
tor;

days, have the stage checks and end-of-
course tests administered by:

(1) The training course’s assistant

chief instructor, if one has been des-
ignated;

(2) The training course’s check in-

structor, if one has been designated;

(3) An FAA inspector; or
(4) An examiner.

(d) Must, after 60 days without a

chief instructor, cease operations and
surrender its certificate to the Admin-
istrator; and

(e) May have its certificate rein-

stated, upon:

(1) Designating and approving an-

other chief instructor;

(2) Showing it meets the require-

ments of § 141.27(a)(2) of this part; and

(3) Applying for reinstatement on a

form and in a manner prescribed by the
Administrator.

[Docket No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997, as
amended by Docket FAA–2018–0119, Amdt.
141–19, 83 FR 9176, Mar. 5, 2018]

§ 141.89 Maintenance of personnel, fa-

cilities, and equipment.

The holder of a pilot school certifi-

cate or provisional pilot school certifi-
cate may not provide training to a stu-
dent who is enrolled in an approved
course of training unless:

(a) Each airport, aircraft, and facility

necessary for that training meets the
standards specified in the holder’s ap-
proved training course outline and the
appropriate requirements of this part;
and

(b) Except as provided in § 141.87 of

this part, each chief instructor, assist-
ant chief instructor, check instructor,
or instructor meets the qualifications
specified in the holder’s approved
course of training and the appropriate
requirements of this part.

§ 141.91 Satellite bases.

The holder of a pilot school certifi-

cate or provisional pilot school certifi-
cate may conduct ground training or
flight training in an approved course of
training at a base other than its main
operations base if:

(a) An assistant chief instructor is

designated for each satellite base, and
that assistant chief instructor is avail-
able at that base or, if away from the
premises, by telephone, radio, or other
electronic means during the time that
training is provided for an approved
training course;

(b) The airport, facilities, and per-

sonnel used at the satellite base meet
the appropriate requirements of sub-
part B of this part and its approved
training course outline;

609

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

§ 141.95

rect supervision of the chief instructor
or assistant chief instructor for the ap-
propriate training course, who is read-
ily available for consultation in ac-
cordance with § 141.85(b) of this part;
and

(d) The responsible Flight Standards

office for the area in which the school
is located is notified in writing if train-
ing is conducted at a base other than
the school’s main operations base for
more than 7 consecutive days.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997, as
amended by Docket FAA–2018–0119, Amdt.
141–19, 83 FR 9175, Mar. 5, 2018]

§ 141.93 Enrollment.

(a) The holder of a pilot school cer-

tificate or a provisional pilot school
certificate must, at the time a student
is enrolled in an approved training
course, furnish that student with a
copy of the following:

(1) A certificate of enrollment con-

taining—

(i) The name of the course in which

the student is enrolled; and

(ii) The date of that enrollment.
(2) A copy of the student’s training

syllabus.

(3) Except for a training course of-

fered through an internet based me-
dium, a copy of the safety procedures
and practices developed by the school
that describe the use of the school’s fa-
cilities and the operation of its air-
craft. Those procedures and practices
shall include training on at least the
following information—

(i) The weather minimums required

by the school for dual and solo flights;

(ii) The procedures for starting and

taxiing aircraft on the ramp;

(iii) Fire precautions and procedures;
(iv) Redispatch procedures after

unprogrammed landings, on and off air-
ports;

(v) Aircraft discrepancies and ap-

proval for return-to-service determina-
tions;

(vi) Securing of aircraft when not in

use;

(vii) Fuel reserves necessary for local

and cross-country flights;

(viii) Avoidance of other aircraft in

flight and on the ground;

(ix) Minimum altitude limitations

and simulated emergency landing in-
structions; and

(x) A description of and instructions

regarding the use of assigned practice
areas.

(b) The holder of a pilot school cer-

tificate or provisional pilot school cer-
tificate must maintain a monthly list-
ing of persons enrolled in each training
course offered by the school.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997; Amdt.
141–15, 76 FR 54107, Aug. 31, 2011]

§ 141.95 Graduation certificate.

(a) The holder of a pilot school cer-

tificate or provisional pilot school cer-
tificate must issue a graduation cer-
tificate to each student who completes
its approved course of training.

(b) The graduation certificate must

be issued to the student upon comple-
tion of the course of training and con-
tain at least the following information:

(1) The name of the school and the

certificate number of the school;

(2) The name of the graduate to

whom it was issued;

(3) The course of training for which it

was issued;

(4) The date of graduation;
(5) A statement that the student has

satisfactorily completed each required
stage of the approved course of train-
ing including the tests for those stages;

(6) A certification of the information

contained on the graduation certificate
by the chief instructor for that course
of training; and

(7) A statement showing the cross-

country training that the student re-
ceived in the course of training.

(8) Certificates issued upon grad-

uating from a course based on internet
media must be uniquely identified
using an alphanumeric code that is spe-
cific to the student graduating from
that course.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997, as
amended by Amdt. 141–15, 76 FR 54108, Aug.
31, 2011]

610

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

§ 141.101

Subpart F—Records

§ 141.101 Training records.

(a) Each holder of a pilot school cer-

tificate or provisional pilot school cer-
tificate must establish and maintain a
current and accurate record of the par-
ticipation of each student enrolled in
an approved course of training con-
ducted by the school that includes the
following information:

(1) The date the student was enrolled

in the approved course;

(2) A chronological log of the stu-

dent’s course attendance, subjects, and
flight operations covered in the stu-
dent’s training, and the names and
grades of any tests taken by the stu-
dent; and

(3) The date the student graduated,

terminated training, or transferred to
another school. In the case of gradua-
tion from a course based on internet
media, the school must maintain the
identifying graduation certificate code
required by § 141.95(b)(8).

(b) The records required to be main-

tained in a student’s logbook will not
suffice for the record required by para-
graph (a) of this section.

terminates training, or transfers to an-
other school, the student’s record must
be certified to that effect by the chief
instructor.

(d) The holder of a pilot school cer-

tificate or a provisional pilot school
certificate must retain each student
record required by this section for at
least 1 year from the date that the stu-
dent:

(1) Graduates from the course to

which the record pertains;

(2) Terminates enrollment in the

course to which the record pertains; or

(3) Transfers to another school.
(e) The holder of a pilot school cer-

tificate or a provisional pilot school
certificate must make a copy of the
student’s training record available
upon request by the student.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997, as
amended by Amdt. 141–15, 76 FR 54108, Aug.
31, 2011]

PPENDIX

ART

141—R

REATIONAL

ILOT

ERTIFICATION

OURSE

Applicability.

This appendix prescribes

the minimum curriculum required for a rec-
reational pilot certification course under
this part, for the following ratings:

(a) Airplane single-engine.
(b) Rotorcraft helicopter.
(c) Rotorcraft gyroplane.
2.

Eligibility for enrollment.

A person must

hold a student pilot certificate prior to en-
rolling in the flight portion of the rec-
reational pilot certification course.

Aeronautical knowledge training.

Each ap-

proved course must include at least 20 hours
of ground training on the following aero-
nautical knowledge areas, appropriate to the
aircraft category and class for which the
course applies:

(a) Applicable Federal Aviation Regula-

tions for recreational pilot privileges, limi-
tations, and flight operations;

(b) Accident reporting requirements of the

National Transportation Safety Board;

nautical Information Manual’’ and the ap-
propriate FAA advisory circulars;

(d) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR

navigation using pilotage with the aid of a
magnetic compass;

(e) Recognition of critical weather situa-

tions from the ground and in flight,
windshear avoidance, and the procurement
and use of aeronautical weather reports and
forecasts;

(f) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft,

including collision avoidance, and recogni-
tion and avoidance of wake turbulence;

(g) Effects of density altitude on takeoff

and climb performance;

(h) Weight and balance computations;
(i) Principles of aerodynamics, power-

plants, and aircraft systems;

(j) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and

spin recovery techniques, if applying for an
airplane single-engine rating;

(k) Aeronautical decision making and

judgment; and

(l) Preflight action that includes—
(1) How to obtain information on runway

lengths at airports of intended use, data on
takeoff and landing distances, weather re-
ports and forecasts, and fuel requirements;
and

(2) How to plan for alternatives if the

planned flight cannot be completed or delays
are encountered.

Flight training.

(a) Each approved course

must include at least 30 hours of flight train-
ing (of which 15 hours must be with a certifi-
cated flight instructor and 3 hours must be
solo flight training as provided in section
No. 5 of this appendix) on the approved areas
of operation listed in paragraph (c) of this
section that are appropriate to the aircraft

611

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

Pt. 141, App. B

category and class rating for which the
course applies, including:

(1) Except as provided in § 61.100 of this

chapter, 2 hours of dual flight training to
and at an airport that is located more than
25 nautical miles from the airport where the
applicant normally trains, with at least
three takeoffs and three landings; and

(2) 3 hours of dual flight training in an air-

craft that is appropriate to the aircraft cat-
egory and class for which the course applies,
in preparation for the practical test within
60 days preceding the date of the test.

(b) Each training flight must include a pre-

flight briefing and a postflight critique of
the student by the flight instructor assigned
to that flight.

lowing approved areas of operation appro-
priate to the aircraft category and class rat-
ing—

(1)

For an airplane single-engine course:

(i)

Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport operations;
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Slow flight and stalls;
(ix) Emergency operations; and
(x) Postflight procedures.
(2)

For a rotorcraft helicopter course:

(i) Pre-

flight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and heliport operations;
(iv) Hovering maneuvers;
(v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(vi) Performance maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Emergency operations; and
(ix) Postflight procedures.
(3)

For a rotorcraft gyroplane course:

(i) Pre-

flight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport operations;
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Flight at slow airspeeds;
(ix) Emergency operations; and
(x) Postflight procedures.
5.

Solo flight training.

Each approved course

must include at least 3 hours of solo flight
training on the approved areas of operation
listed in paragraph (c) of section No. 4 of this
appendix that are appropriate to the aircraft
category and class rating for which the
course applies.

Stage checks and end-of-course tests.

(a)

Each student enrolled in a recreational pilot
course must satisfactorily accomplish the
stage checks and end-of-course tests, in ac-
cordance with the school’s approved training
course, consisting of the approved areas of
operation listed in paragraph (c) of section

No. 4 of this appendix that are appropriate to
the aircraft category and class rating for
which the course applies.

(b) Each student must demonstrate satis-

factory proficiency prior to receiving an en-
dorsement to operate an aircraft in solo
flight.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997]

PPENDIX

ART

141—P

RIVATE

ILOT

ERTIFICATION

OURSE

Applicability.

This appendix prescribes

the minimum curriculum for a private pilot
certification course required under this part,
for the following ratings:

(a) Airplane single-engine.
(b) Airplane multiengine.
(c) Rotorcraft helicopter.
(d) Rotorcraft gyroplane.
(e) Powered-lift.
(f) Glider.
(g) Lighter-than-air airship.
(h) Lighter-than-air balloon.
2.

Eligibility for enrollment.

A person must

hold either a recreational pilot certificate,
sport pilot certificate, or student pilot cer-
tificate before enrolling in the solo flight
phase of the private pilot certification
course.

Aeronautical knowledge training.

(a) Each approved course must include at

least the following ground training on the
aeronautical knowledge areas listed in para-
graph (b) of this section, appropriate to the
aircraft category and class rating:

(1) 35 hours of training if the course is for

an airplane, rotorcraft, or powered-lift cat-
egory rating.

(2) 15 hours of training if the course is for

a glider category rating.

(3) 10 hours of training if the course is for

a lighter-than-air category with a balloon
class rating.

(4) 35 hours of training if the course is for

a lighter-than-air category with an airship
class rating.

(b) Ground training must include the fol-

lowing aeronautical knowledge areas:

(1) Applicable Federal Aviation Regula-

tions for private pilot privileges, limitations,
and flight operations;

(2) Accident reporting requirements of the

National Transportation Safety Board;

(3) Applicable subjects of the ‘‘Aero-

nautical Information Manual’’ and the ap-
propriate FAA advisory circulars;

(4) Aeronautical charts for VFR navigation

using pilotage, dead reckoning, and naviga-
tion systems;

(5) Radio communication procedures;
(6) Recognition of critical weather situa-

tions from the ground and in flight,
windshear avoidance, and the procurement
and use of aeronautical weather reports and
forecasts;

612

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

Pt. 141, App. B

(7) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft,

including collision avoidance, and recogni-
tion and avoidance of wake turbulence;

(8) Effects of density altitude on takeoff

and climb performance;

(9) Weight and balance computations;
(10) Principles of aerodynamics, power-

plants, and aircraft systems;

(11) If the course of training is for an air-

plane category or glider category rating,
stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin
recovery techniques;

(12) Aeronautical decision making and

judgment; and

(13) Preflight action that includes—
(i) How to obtain information on runway

lengths at airports of intended use, data on
takeoff and landing distances, weather re-
ports and forecasts, and fuel requirements;
and

(ii) How to plan for alternatives if the

planned flight cannot be completed or delays
are encountered.

Flight training.

(a) Each approved course

must include at least the following flight
training, as provided in this section and sec-
tion No. 5 of this appendix, on the approved
areas of operation listed in paragraph (d) of
this section, appropriate to the aircraft cat-
egory and class rating:

(1) 35 hours of training if the course is for

an airplane, rotorcraft, powered-lift, or air-
ship rating.

(2) 6 hours of training if the course is for a

glider rating.

(3) 8 hours of training if the course is for a

balloon rating.

(b) Each approved course must include at

least the following flight training:

(1)

For an airplane single-engine course:

hours of flight training from a certificated
flight instructor on the approved areas of op-
eration in paragraph (d)(1) of this section
that includes at least—

(i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this

chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight
training in a single-engine airplane;

(ii) 3 hours of night flight training in a sin-

gle-engine airplane that includes—

(A) One cross-country flight of more than

100-nautical-miles total distance; and

(B) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full

stop (with each landing involving a flight in
the traffic pattern) at an airport.

(iii) Three hours of flight training in a sin-

gle engine airplane on the control and ma-
neuvering of a single engine airplane solely
by reference to instruments, including
straight and level flight, constant airspeed
climbs and descents, turns to a heading, re-
covery from unusual flight attitudes, radio
communications, and the use of navigation
systems/facilities and radar services appro-
priate to instrument flight; and

(iv) 3 hours of flight training in a single-

engine airplane in preparation for the prac-

tical test within 60 days preceding the date
of the test.

(2)

For an airplane multiengine course:

hours of flight training from a certificated
flight instructor on the approved areas of op-
eration in paragraph (d)(2) of this section
that includes at least—

(i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this

chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight
training in a multiengine airplane;

(ii) 3 hours of night flight training in a

multiengine airplane that includes—

(A) One cross-country flight of more than

100-nautical-miles total distance; and

(B) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full

stop (with each landing involving a flight in
the traffic pattern) at an airport.

(iii) Three hours of flight training in a

multiengine airplane on the control and ma-
neuvering of a multiengine airplane solely
by reference to instruments, including
straight and level flight, constant airspeed
climbs and descents, turns to a heading, re-
covery from unusual flight attitudes, radio
communications, and the use of navigation
systems/facilities and radar services appro-
priate to instrument flight; and

(iv) 3 hours of flight training in a multien-

gine airplane in preparation for the practical
test within 60 days preceding the date of the
test.

(3)

For a rotorcraft helicopter course:

20 hours

of flight training from a certificated flight
instructor on the approved areas of oper-
ation in paragraph (d)(3) of this section that
includes at least—

(i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this

chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight
training in a helicopter.

(ii) 3 hours of night flight training in a hel-

icopter that includes—

(A) One cross-country flight of more than

50-nautical-miles total distance; and

(B) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full

stop (with each landing involving a flight in
the traffic pattern) at an airport.

(iii) 3 hours of flight training in a heli-

copter in preparation for the practical test
within 60 days preceding the date of the test.

(4)

For a rotorcraft gyroplane course:

hours of flight training from a certificated
flight instructor on the approved areas of op-
eration in paragraph (d)(4) of this section
that includes at least—

(i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this

chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight
training in a gyroplane.

(ii) 3 hours of night flight training in a gy-

roplane that includes—

(A) One cross-country flight over 50-nau-

tical-miles total distance; and

(B) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full

stop (with each landing involving a flight in
the traffic pattern) at an airport.

(iii) 3 hours of flight training in a gyro-

plane in preparation for the practical test
within 60 days preceding the date of the test.

613

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

Pt. 141, App. B

(5)

For a powered-lift course:

20 hours of

flight training from a certificated flight in-
structor on the approved areas of operation
in paragraph (d)(5) of this section that in-
cludes at least—

(i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this

chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight
training in a powered-lift;

(ii) 3 hours of night flight training in a

powered-lift that includes—

(A) One cross-country flight of more than

100-nautical-miles total distance; and

(B) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full

stop (with each landing involving a flight in
the traffic pattern) at an airport.

(iii) Three hours of flight training in a

powered-lift on the control and maneuvering
of a powered-lift solely by reference to in-
struments, including straight and level
flight, constant airspeed climbs and de-
scents, turns to a heading, recovery from un-
usual flight attitudes, radio communica-
tions, and the use of navigation systems/fa-
cilities and radar services appropriate to in-
strument flight; and

(iv) 3 hours of flight training in a powered-

lift in preparation for the practical test,
within 60 days preceding the date of the test.

(6)

For a glider course:

4 hours of flight

training from a certificated flight instructor
on the approved areas of operation in para-
graph (d)(6) of this section that includes at
least—

(i) Five training flights in a glider with a

certificated flight instructor on the launch/
tow procedures approved for the course and
on the appropriate approved areas of oper-
ation listed in paragraph (d)(6) of this sec-
tion; and

(ii) Three training flights in a glider with

a certificated flight instructor in prepara-
tion for the practical test within 60 days pre-
ceding the date of the test.

(7)

For a lighter-than-air airship course:

hours of flight training from a commercial
pilot with an airship rating on the approved
areas of operation in paragraph (d)(7) of this
section that includes at least—

(i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this

chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight
training in an airship;

(ii) 3 hours of night flight training in an

airship that includes—

(A) One cross-country flight over 25-nau-

tical-miles total distance; and

(B) Five takeoffs and five landings to a full

stop (with each landing involving a flight in
the traffic pattern) at an airport.

(iii) 3 hours of instrument training in an

airship; and

(iv) 3 hours of flight training in an airship

in preparation for the practical test within
60 days preceding the date of the test.

(8)

For a lighter-than-air balloon course:

hours of flight training, including at least
five training flights, from a commercial pilot
with a balloon rating on the approved areas

of operation in paragraph (d)(8) of this sec-
tion, that includes—

(i) If the training is being performed in a

gas balloon—

(A) Two flights of 1 hour each;
(B) One flight involving a controlled ascent

to 3,000 feet above the launch site; and

tical test within 60 days preceding the date
of the test.

(ii) If the training is being performed in a

balloon with an airborne heater—

(A) Two flights of 30 minutes each;
(B) One flight involving a controlled ascent

to 2,000 feet above the launch site; and

tical test within 60 days preceding the date
of the test.

flight training devices:

(1) The course may include training in a

full flight simulator or flight training de-
vice, provided it is representative of the air-
craft for which the course is approved, meets
the requirements of this paragraph, and the
training is given by an authorized instruc-
tor.

(2) Training in a full flight simulator that

meets the requirements of § 141.41(a) may be
credited for a maximum of 20 percent of the
total flight training hour requirements of
the approved course, or of this section,
whichever is less.

(3) Training in a flight training device that

meets the requirements of § 141.41(a) may be
credited for a maximum of 15 percent of the
total flight training hour requirements of
the approved course, or of this section,
whichever is less.

(4) Training in full flight simulators or

flight training devices described in para-
graphs (c)(2) and (3) of this section, if used in
combination, may be credited for a max-
imum of 20 percent of the total flight train-
ing hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
However, credit for training in a flight train-
ing device that meets the requirements of
§ 141.41(a) cannot exceed the limitation pro-
vided for in paragraph (c)(3) of this section.

(d) Each approved course must include the

flight training on the approved areas of oper-
ation listed in this paragraph that are appro-
priate to the aircraft category and class rat-
ing—

(1)

For a single-engine airplane course:

(i)

Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and seaplane base operations;
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Slow flight and stalls;
(ix) Basic instrument maneuvers;
(x) Emergency operations;
(xi) Night operations, and

614

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

Pt. 141, App. B

(xii) Postflight procedures.
(2)

For a multiengine airplane course:

(i) Pre-

flight preparation;

For a rotorcraft helicopter course:

(i) Pre-

flight preparation;

For a rotorcraft gyroplane course:

(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport operations;
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Flight at slow airspeeds;
(ix) Emergency operations;
(x) Night operations; and
(xi) Postflight procedures.
(5)

For a powered-lift course:

(i) Preflight

preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and heliport operations;
(iv) Hovering maneuvers;
(v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(vi) Performance maneuvers;
(vii) Ground reference maneuvers;
(viii) Navigation;
(ix) Slow flight and stalls;
(x) Basic instrument maneuvers;
(xi) Emergency operations;
(xii) Night operations; and
(xiii) Postflight procedures.
(6)

For a glider course:

(i) Preflight prepara-

tion;

(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and gliderport operations;
(iv) Launches/tows, as appropriate, and

landings;

(v) Performance speeds;
(vi) Soaring techniques;
(vii) Performance maneuvers;
(viii) Navigation;
(ix) Slow flight and stalls;
(x) Emergency operations; and
(xi) Postflight procedures.
(7)

For a lighter-than-air airship course:

(i)

Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport operations;
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Emergency operations; and
(ix) Postflight procedures.
(8)

For a lighter-than-air balloon course:

(i)

Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport operations;
(iv) Launches and landings;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Navigation;
(vii) Emergency operations; and
(viii) Postflight procedures.
5.

Solo flight training.

Each approved course

must include at least the following solo
flight training:

(a)

For an airplane single-engine course:

hours of solo flight training in a single-en-
gine airplane on the approved areas of oper-
ation in paragraph (d)(1) of section No. 4 of
this appendix that includes at least—

(1) One solo 100 nautical miles cross coun-

try flight with landings at a minimum of
three points and one segment of the flight
consisting of a straight-line distance of more
than 50 nautical miles between the takeoff
and landing locations; and

(2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a

full stop (with each landing involving a
flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport
with an operating control tower.

(b)

For an airplane multiengine course:

hours of flight training in a multiengine air-
plane performing the duties of a pilot in
command while under the supervision of a
certificated flight instructor. The training
must consist of the approved areas of oper-
ation in paragraph (d)(2) of section No. 4 of
this appendix, and include at least—

(1) One 100 nautical miles cross country

flight with landings at a minimum of three
points and one segment of the flight con-
sisting of a straight-line distance of more
than 50 nautical miles between the takeoff
and landing locations; and

(2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a

full stop (with each landing involving a
flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport
with an operating control tower.

(c)

For a rotorcraft helicopter course:

5 hours

of solo flight training in a helicopter on the
approved areas of operation in paragraph
(d)(3) of section No. 4 of this appendix that
includes at least—

(1) One solo 100 nautical miles cross coun-

try flight with landings at a minimum of
three points and one segment of the flight
consisting of a straight-line distance of more
than 25 nautical miles between the takeoff
and landing locations; and

(2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a

full stop (with each landing involving a

615

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

Pt. 141, App. C

flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport
with an operating control tower.

(d)

For a rotorcraft gyroplane course:

5 hours

of solo flight training in gyroplanes on the
approved areas of operation in paragraph
(d)(4) of section No. 4 of this appendix that
includes at least—

(1) One solo 100 nautical miles cross coun-

(2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a

full stop (with each landing involving a
flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport
with an operating control tower.

(e)

For a powered-lift course:

5 hours of solo

flight training in a powered-lift on the ap-
proved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(5)
of section No. 4 of this appendix that in-
cludes at least—

(1) One solo 100 nautical miles cross coun-

(2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a

full stop (with each landing involving a
flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport
with an operating control tower.

(f)

For a glider course:

Two solo flights in a

glider on the approved areas of operation in
paragraph (d)(6) of section No. 4 of this ap-
pendix, and the launch and tow procedures
appropriate for the approved course.

(g)

For a lighter-than-air airship course:

hours of flight training in an airship per-
forming the duties of pilot in command
while under the supervision of a commercial
pilot with an airship rating. The training
must consist of the approved areas of oper-
ation in paragraph (d)(7) of section No. 4 of
this appendix.

(h)

For a lighter-than-air balloon course:

Two

solo flights in a balloon with an airborne
heater if the course involves a balloon with
an airborne heater or, if the course involves
a gas balloon, at least two flights in a gas
balloon performing the duties of pilot in
command while under the supervision of a
commercial pilot with a balloon rating. The
training must consist of the approved areas
of operation in paragraph (d)(8) of section
No. 4 of this appendix, in the kind of balloon
for which the course applies.

Stage checks and end-of-course tests.

(a) Each student enrolled in a private pilot

course must satisfactorily accomplish the
stage checks and end-of-course tests in ac-
cordance with the school’s approved training
course, consisting of the approved areas of
operation listed in paragraph (d) of section
No. 4 of this appendix that are appropriate to
the aircraft category and class rating for
which the course applies.

(b) Each student must demonstrate satis-

factory proficiency prior to receiving an en-
dorsement to operate an aircraft in solo
flight.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997, as
amended by Amdt. 141–10, 63 FR 20289, Apr.
23, 1998; Amdt. 141–12, 74 FR 42564, Aug. 21,
2009; Docket FAA–2015–1846, Amdt. 141–18, 81
FR 21460, Apr. 12, 2016]

PPENDIX

ART

141—I

NSTRUMENT

ATING

OURSE

Applicability.

This appendix prescribes

the minimum curriculum for an instrument
rating course and an additional instrument
rating course, required under this part, for
the following ratings:

(a) Instrument—airplane.
(b) Instrument—helicopter.
(c) Instrument—powered-lift.
2.

Eligibility for enrollment.

A person must

hold at least a private pilot certificate with
an aircraft category and class rating appro-
priate to the instrument rating for which the
course applies prior to enrolling in the flight
portion of the instrument rating course.

Aeronautical knowledge training.

(a) Each

approved course must include at least the
following ground training on the aero-
nautical knowledge areas listed in paragraph
(b) of this section appropriate to the instru-
ment rating for which the course applies:

(1) 30 hours of training if the course is for

an initial instrument rating.

(2) 20 hours of training if the course is for

an additional instrument rating.

(b) Ground training must include the fol-

lowing aeronautical knowledge areas:

(1) Applicable Federal Aviation Regula-

tions for IFR flight operations;

(2) Appropriate information in the ‘‘Aero-

nautical Information Manual’’;

(3) Air traffic control system and proce-

dures for instrument flight operations;

(4) IFR navigation and approaches by use

of navigation systems;

(5) Use of IFR en route and instrument ap-

proach procedure charts;

(6) Procurement and use of aviation weath-

er reports and forecasts, and the elements of
forecasting weather trends on the basis of
that information and personal observation of
weather conditions;

(7) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft

under instrument flight rules and conditions;

(8) Recognition of critical weather situa-

tions and windshear avoidance;

(9) Aeronautical decision making and judg-

ment; and

(10) Crew resource management, to include

crew communication and coordination.

Flight training.

(a) Each approved course

must include at least the following flight
training on the approved areas of operation

616

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

Pt. 141, App. C

listed in paragraph (d) of this section, appro-
priate to the instrument-aircraft category
and class rating for which the course applies:

(1) 35 hours of instrument training if the

course is for an initial instrument rating.

(2) 15 hours of instrument training if the

course is for an additional instrument rat-
ing.

(b) For the use of full flight simulators,

flight training devices, or aviation training
devices—

(1) The course may include training in a

full flight simulator, flight training device,
or aviation training device, provided it is
representative of the aircraft for which the
course is approved, meets the requirements
of this paragraph, and the training is given
by an authorized instructor.

(2) Credit for training in a full flight simu-

lator that meets the requirements of
§ 141.41(a) cannot exceed 50 percent of the
total flight training hour requirements of
the course or of this section, whichever is
less.

(3) Credit for training in a flight training

device that meets the requirements of
§ 141.41(a), an advanced aviation training de-
vice that meets the requirements of
§ 141.41(b), or a combination of these devices
cannot exceed 40 percent of the total flight
training hour requirements of the course or
of this section, whichever is less. Credit for
training in a basic aviation training device
that meets the requirements of § 141.41(b)
cannot exceed 25 percent of the total train-
ing hour requirements permitted under this
paragraph.

(4) Credit for training in full flight simula-

tors, flight training devices, and aviation
training devices if used in combination, can-
not exceed 50 percent of the total flight
training hour requirements of the course or
of this section, whichever is less. However,
credit for training in a flight training device
or aviation training device cannot exceed
the limitation provided for in paragraph
(b)(3) of this section.

following flight training—

(1)

For an instrument airplane course:

Instru-

ment training time from a certificated flight
instructor with an instrument rating on the
approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)
of this section including at least one cross-
country flight that—

(i) Is in the category and class of airplane

that the course is approved for, and is per-
formed under IFR;

(ii) Is a distance of at least 250 nautical

miles along airways or ATC-directed routing
with one segment of the flight consisting of
at least a straight-line distance of 100 nau-
tical miles between airports;

(iii) Involves an instrument approach at

each airport; and

(iv) Involves three different kinds of ap-

proaches with the use of navigation systems.

(2)

For an instrument helicopter course:

In-

strument training time from a certificated
flight instructor with an instrument rating
on the approved areas of operation in para-
graph (d) of this section including at least
one cross-country flight that—

(i) Is in a helicopter and is performed under

IFR;

(ii) Is a distance of at least 100 nautical

miles along airways or ATC-directed routing
with one segment of the flight consisting of
at least a straight-line distance of 50 nau-
tical miles between airports;

(iii) Involves an instrument approach at

each airport; and

(iv) Involves three different kinds of ap-

proaches with the use of navigation systems.

(3)

For an instrument powered-lift course:

In-

(i) Is in a powered-lift and is performed

under IFR;

(ii) Is a distance of at least 250 nautical

miles along airways or ATC-directed routing
with one segment of the flight consisting of
at least a straight-line distance of 100 nau-
tical miles between airports;

(iii) Involves an instrument approach at

each airport; and

(iv) Involves three different kinds of ap-

proaches with the use of navigation systems.

(d) Each course must include flight train-

ing on the areas of operation listed under
this paragraph appropriate to the instru-
ment aircraft category and class rating (if a
class rating is appropriate) for which the
course applies:

(1) Preflight preparation;
(2) Preflight procedures;
(3) Air traffic control clearances and proce-

dures;

(4) Flight by reference to instruments;
(5) Navigation systems;
(6) Instrument approach procedures;
(7) Emergency operations; and
(8) Postflight procedures.
5.

Stage checks and end-of-course tests.

Each

student enrolled in an instrument rating
course must satisfactorily accomplish the
stage checks and end-of-course tests, in ac-
cordance with the school’s approved training
course, consisting of the approved areas of
operation listed in paragraph (d) of section
No. 4 of this appendix that are appropriate to
the aircraft category and class rating for
which the course applies.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40909, July 30, 1997; Amdt.
141–12, 74 FR 42564, Aug. 21, 2009; Docket
FAA–2015–1846, Amdt. 141–18, 81 FR 21460,
Apr. 12, 2016]

617

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

Pt. 141, App. D

PPENDIX

ART

141—C

OMMERCIAL

ILOT

ERTIFICATION

OURSE

Applicability.

This appendix prescribes

the minimum curriculum for a commercial
pilot certification course required under this
part, for the following ratings:

(a) Airplane single-engine.
(b) Airplane multiengine.
(c) Rotorcraft helicopter.
(d) Rotorcraft gyroplane.
(e) Powered-lift.
(f) Glider.
(g) Lighter-than-air airship.
(h) Lighter-than-air balloon.
2.

Eligibility for enrollment.

A person must

hold the following prior to enrolling in the
flight portion of the commercial pilot cer-
tification course:

(a) At least a private pilot certificate; and
(b) If the course is for a rating in an air-

plane or a powered-lift category, then the
person must:

(1) Hold an instrument rating in the air-

craft that is appropriate to the aircraft cat-
egory rating for which the course applies; or

(2) Be concurrently enrolled in an instru-

ment rating course that is appropriate to the
aircraft category rating for which the course
applies, and pass the required instrument
rating practical test prior to completing the
commercial pilot certification course.

Aeronautical knowledge training.

(a) Each

approved course must include at least the
following ground training on the aero-
nautical knowledge areas listed in paragraph
(b) of this section, appropriate to the aircraft
category and class rating for which the
course applies:

(1) 35 hours of training if the course is for

an airplane category rating or a powered-lift
category rating.

(2) 65 hours of training if the course is for

a lighter-than-air category with an airship
class rating.

(3) 30 hours of training if the course is for

a rotocraft category rating.

(4) 20 hours of training if the course is for

a glider category rating.

(5) 20 hours of training if the course is for

lighter-than-air category with a balloon
class rating.

(b) Ground training must include the fol-

lowing aeronautical knowledge areas:

(1) Federal Aviation Regulations that

apply to commercial pilot privileges, limita-
tions, and flight operations;

(2) Accident reporting requirements of the

National Transportation Safety Board;

(3) Basic aerodynamics and the principles

of flight;

(4) Meteorology, to include recognition of

critical weather situations, windshear rec-
ognition and avoidance, and the use of aero-
nautical weather reports and forecasts;

(5) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft;
(6) Weight and balance computations;

(7) Use of performance charts;
(8) Significance and effects of exceeding

aircraft performance limitations;

(9) Use of aeronautical charts and a mag-

netic compass for pilotage and dead reck-
oning;

(10) Use of air navigation facilities;
(11) Aeronautical decision making and

judgment;

(12) Principles and functions of aircraft

systems;

(13) Maneuvers, procedures, and emergency

operations appropriate to the aircraft;

(14) Night and high-altitude operations;
(15) Descriptions of and procedures for op-

erating within the National Airspace Sys-
tem; and

(16) Procedures for flight and ground train-

ing for lighter-than-air ratings.

Flight training.

(a) Each approved course

must include at least the following flight
training, as provided in this section and sec-
tion No. 5 of this appendix, on the approved
areas of operation listed in paragraph (d) of
this section that are appropriate to the air-
craft category and class rating for which the
course applies:

(1) 120 hours of training if the course is for

an airplane or powered-lift rating.

(2) 155 hours of training if the course is for

an airship rating.

(3) 115 hours of training if the course is for

a rotocraft rating.

(4) 6 hours of training if the course is for a

glider rating.

(5) 10 hours of training and 8 training

flights if the course is for a balloon rating.

(b) Each approved course must include at

least the following flight training:

(1)

For an airplane single-engine course:

hours of flight training from a certificated
flight instructor on the approved areas of op-
eration listed in paragraph (d)(1) of this sec-
tion that includes at least—

(i) Ten hours of instrument training using

a view-limiting device including attitude in-
strument flying, partial panel skills, recov-
ery from unusual flight attitudes, and inter-
cepting and tracking navigational systems.
Five hours of the 10 hours required on instru-
ment training must be in a single engine air-
plane;

(ii) Ten hours of training in a complex air-

plane, a turbine-powered airplane, or a tech-
nically advanced airplane that meets the re-
quirements of § 61.129(j) of this chapter, or
any combination thereof. The airplane must
be appropriate to land or sea for the rating
sought;

(iii) One 2-hour cross country flight in day-

time conditions in a single engine airplane
that consists of a total straight-line distance
of more than 100 nautical miles from the
original point of departure;

(iv) One 2-hour cross country flight in

nighttime conditions in a single engine air-
plane that consists of a total straight-line

618

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

Pt. 141, App. D

distance of more than 100 nautical miles
from the original point of departure; and

(v) 3 hours in a single-engine airplane in

preparation for the practical test within 60
days preceding the date of the test.

(2)

For an airplane multiengine course:

hours of flight training from a certificated
flight instructor on the approved areas of op-
eration listed in paragraph (d)(2) of this sec-
tion that includes at least—

(i) Ten hours of instrument training using

(ii) 10 hours of training in a multiengine

complex or turbine-powered airplane, or any
combination thereof;

(iii) One 2-hour cross country flight in day-

time conditions in a multiengine airplane
that consists of a total straight-line distance
of more than 100 nautical miles from the
original point of departure;

(iv) One 2-hour cross country flight in

nighttime conditions in a multiengine air-
plane that consists of a total straight-line
distance of more than 100 nautical miles
from the original point of departure; and

(v) 3 hours in a multiengine airplane in

preparation for the practical test within 60
days preceding the date of the test.

(3)

For a rotorcraft helicopter course:

30 hours

of flight training from a certificated flight
instructor on the approved areas of oper-
ation listed in paragraph (d)(3) of this sec-
tion that includes at least—

(i) Five hours on the control and maneu-

vering of a helicopter solely by reference to
instruments, including using a view-limiting
device for attitude instrument flying, partial
panel skills, recovery from unusual flight at-
titudes, and intercepting and tracking navi-
gational systems. This aeronautical experi-
ence may be performed in an aircraft, full
flight simulator, flight training device, or an
aviation training device;

(ii) One 2-hour cross country flight in day-

time conditions in a helicopter that consists
of a total straight-line distance of more than
50 nautical miles from the original point of
departure;

(iii) One 2-hour cross country flight in

nighttime conditions in a helicopter that
consists of a total straight-line distance of
more than 50 nautical miles from the origi-
nal point of departure; and

(iv) 3 hours in a helicopter in preparation

for the practical test within 60 days pre-
ceding the date of the test.

(4)

For a rotorcraft gyroplane course:

hours of flight training from a certificated
flight instructor on the approved areas of op-
eration listed in paragraph (d)(4) of this sec-
tion that includes at least—

(i) 2.5 hours on the control and maneu-

vering of a gyroplane solely by reference to
instruments, including using a view-limiting
device for attitude instrument flying, partial
panel skills, recovery from unusual flight at-
titudes, and intercepting and tracking navi-
gational systems. This aeronautical experi-
ence may be performed in an aircraft, full
flight simulator, flight training device, or an
aviation training device;

(ii) One 2-hour cross country flight in day-

time conditions in a gyroplane that consists
of a total straight-line distance of more than
50 nautical miles from the original point of
departure;

(iii) Two hours of flight training in night-

time conditions in a gyroplane at an airport,
that includes 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a
full stop (with each landing involving a
flight in the traffic pattern); and

(iv) 3 hours in a gyroplane in preparation

for the practical test within 60 days pre-
ceding the date of the test.

(5)

For a powered-lift course:

55 hours of

flight training from a certificated flight in-
structor on the approved areas of operation
listed in paragraph (d)(5) of this section that
includes at least—

(i) Ten hours of instrument training using

(ii) One 2-hour cross country flight in day-

time conditions in a powered-lift that con-
sists of a total straight-line distance of more
than 100 nautical miles from the original
point of departure;

(iii) One 2-hour cross country flight in

nighttime conditions in a powered-lift that
consists of a total straight-line distance of
more than 100 nautical miles from the origi-
nal point of departure; and

(iv) 3 hours in a powered-lift in preparation

for the practical test within 60 days pre-
ceding the date of the test.

(6)

For a glider course:

4 hours of flight

training from a certificated flight instructor
on the approved areas of operation in para-
graph (d)(6) of this section, that includes at
least—

(i) Five training flights in a glider with a

certificated flight instructor on the launch/
tow procedures approved for the course and
on the appropriate approved areas of oper-
ation listed in paragraph (d)(6) of this sec-
tion; and

(ii) Three training flights in a glider with

a certificated flight instructor in prepara-
tion for the practical test within 60 days pre-
ceding the date of the test.

(7)

For a lighter-than-air airship course:

hours of flight training in airships from a
commercial pilot with an airship rating on

619

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

Pt. 141, App. D

the approved areas of operation in paragraph
(d)(7) of this section that includes at least—

(i) Three hours of instrument training in

an airship, including using a view-limiting
device for attitude instrument flying, partial
panel skills, recovery from unusual flight at-
titudes, and intercepting and tracking navi-
gational systems;

(ii) One hour cross country flight in day-

time conditions in an airship that consists of
a total straight-line distance of more than 25
nautical miles from the original point of de-
parture;

(iii) One hour cross country flight in night-

time conditions in an airship that consists of
a total straight-line distance of more than 25
nautical miles from the original point of de-
parture; and

(iv) 3 hours in an airship, in preparation

for the practical test within 60 days pre-
ceding the date of the test.

(8)

For a lighter-than-air balloon course:

Flight training from a commercial pilot with
a balloon rating on the approved areas of op-
eration in paragraph (d)(8) of this section
that includes at least—

(i) If the course involves training in a gas

balloon:

(A) Two flights of 1 hour each;
(B) One flight involving a controlled ascent

to at least 5,000 feet above the launch site;
and

tical test within 60 days preceding the date
of the test.

(ii) If the course involves training in a bal-

loon with an airborne heater:

(A) Two flights of 30 minutes each;
(B) One flight involving a controlled ascent

to at least 3,000 feet above the launch site;
and

tical test within 60 days preceding the date
of the test.

flight training devices:

(1) The course may include training in a

(2) Training in a full flight simulator that

meets the requirements of § 141.41(a) may be
credited for a maximum of 30 percent of the
total flight training hour requirements of
the approved course, or of this section,
whichever is less.

(3) Training in a flight training device that

meets the requirements of § 141.41(a) may be
credited for a maximum of 20 percent of the
total flight training hour requirements of
the approved course, or of this section,
whichever is less.

(4) Training in the flight training devices

described in paragraphs (c)(2) and (3) of this
section, if used in combination, may be cred-

ited for a maximum of 30 percent of the total
flight training hour requirements of the ap-
proved course, or of this section, whichever
is less. However, credit for training in a
flight training device that meets the require-
ments of § 141.41(a) cannot exceed the limita-
tion provided for in paragraph (c)(3) of this
section.

(d) Each approved course must include the

flight training on the approved areas of oper-
ation listed in this paragraph that are appro-
priate to the aircraft category and class rat-
ing—

(1)

For an airplane single-engine course:

(i)

Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and seaplane base operations;
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Navigation;
(vii) Slow flight and stalls;
(viii) Emergency operations;
(ix) High-altitude operations; and
(x) Postflight procedures.
(2)

For an airplane multiengine course:

(i)

Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and seaplane base operations;
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Navigation;
(vii) Slow flight and stalls;
(viii) Emergency operations;
(ix) Multiengine operations;
(x) High-altitude operations; and
(xi) Postflight procedures.
(3)

For a rotorcraft helicopter course:

(i) Pre-

flight preparation;

For a rotorcraft gyroplane course:

(i) Pre-

flight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport operations;
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Flight at slow airspeeds;
(ix) Emergency operations; and
(x) Postflight procedures.
(5)

For a powered-lift course:

(i) Preflight

preparation;

620

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

Pt. 141, App. D

(ix) Emergency operations;
(x) High altitude operations;
(xi) Special operations; and
(xii) Postflight procedures.
(6)

For a glider course:

(i) Preflight prepara-

tion;

(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and gliderport operations;
(iv) Launches/tows, as appropriate, and

landings;

(v) Performance speeds;
(vi) Soaring techniques;
(vii) Performance maneuvers;
(viii) Navigation;
(ix) Slow flight and stalls;
(x) Emergency operations; and
(xi) Postflight procedures.
(7)

For a lighter-than-air airship course:

(i)

Fundamentals of instructing;

(ii) Technical subjects;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv) Preflight lessons on a maneuver to be

performed in flight;

(v) Preflight procedures;
(vi) Airport operations;
(vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(viii) Performance maneuvers;
(ix) Navigation;
(x) Emergency operations; and
(xi) Postflight procedures.
(8)

For a lighter-than-air balloon course:

(i)

Fundamentals of instructing;

(ii) Technical subjects;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be

performed in flight;

(v) Preflight procedures;
(vi) Airport operations;
(vii) Launches and landings;
(viii) Performance maneuvers;
(ix) Navigation;
(x) Emergency operations; and
(xi) Postflight procedures.
5.

Solo training.

Each approved course must

include at least the following solo flight
training:

(a)

For an airplane single engine course.

Ten

hours of solo flight time in a single engine
airplane, or 10 hours of flight time while per-
forming the duties of pilot in command in a
single engine airplane with an authorized in-
structor on board. The training must consist
of the approved areas of operation under
paragraph (d)(1) of section 4 of this appendix,
and include—

(1) One cross-country flight, if the training

is being performed in the State of Hawaii,
with landings at a minimum of three points,
and one of the segments consisting of a
straight-line distance of at least 150 nautical
miles;

(2) One cross-country flight, if the training

is being performed in a State other than Ha-
waii, with landings at a minimum of three
points, and one segment of the flight con-
sisting of a straight-line distance of at least
250 nautical miles; and

(3) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10

takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing
involving a flight with a traffic pattern) at
an airport with an operating control tower.

(b)

For an airplane multiengine course.

Ten

hours of solo flight time in a multiengine
airplane, or 10 hours of flight time while per-
forming the duties of pilot in command in a
multiengine airplane with an authorized in-
structor on board. The training must consist
of the approved areas of operation under
paragraph (d)(2) of section 4 of this appendix,
and include—

(1) One cross-country flight, if the training

is being performed in the State of Hawaii,
with landings at a minimum of three points,
and one of the segments consisting of a
straight-line distance of at least 150 nautical
miles;

(2) One cross-country flight, if the training

is being performed in a State other than Ha-
waii, with landings at a minimum of three
points and one segment of the flight con-
sisting of straight-line distance of at least
250 nautical miles; and

(3) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10

takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing
involving a flight with a traffic pattern) at
an airport with an operating control tower.

(c)

For a rotorcraft helicopter course.

Ten

hours of solo flight time in a helicopter, or 10
hours of flight time while performing the du-
ties of pilot in command in a helicopter with
an authorized instructor on board. The train-
ing must consist of the approved areas of op-
eration under paragraph (d)(3) of section 4 of
this appendix, and include—

(1) One cross-country flight with landings

at a minimum of three points and one seg-
ment of the flight consisting of a straight-
line distance of at least 50 nautical miles
from the original point of departure; and

(2) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10

takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing
involving a flight with a traffic pattern) at
an airport with an operating control tower.

(d)

For a rotorcraft-gyroplane course.

Ten

hours of solo flight time in a gyroplane, or 10
hours of flight time while performing the du-
ties of pilot in command in a gyroplane with
an authorized instructor on board. The train-
ing must consist of the approved areas of op-
eration under paragraph (d)(4) of section 4 of
this appendix, and include—

(1) One cross-country flight with landings

at a minimum of three points, and one seg-
ment of the flight consisting of a straight-
line distance of at least 50 nautical miles
from the original point of departure; and

(2) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10

takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing
involving a flight with a traffic pattern) at
an airport with an operating control tower.

(e)

For a powered-lift course.

Ten hours of

solo flight time in a powered-lift, or 10 hours
of flight time while performing the duties of
pilot in command in a powered-lift with an

621

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

Pt. 141, App. E

authorized instructor on board. The training
must consist of the approved areas of oper-
ation under paragraph (d)(5) of section No. 4
of this appendix, and include—

(1) One cross-country flight, if the training

is being performed in the State of Hawaii,
with landings at a minimum of three points,
and one segment of the flight consisting of a
straight-line distance of at least 150 nautical
miles;

(2) One cross-country flight, if the training

(3) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10

takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing
involving a flight with a traffic pattern) at
an airport with an operating control tower.

(f)

For a glider course:

5 solo flights in a

glider on the approved areas of operation in
paragraph (d)(6) of section No. 4 of this ap-
pendix.

(g)

For a lighter-than-air airship course:

(1) One cross-country flight with landings

at a minimum of three points, and one seg-
ment of the flight consisting of a straight-
line distance of at least 25 nautical miles
from the original point of departure; and

(2) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10

takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing
involving a flight with a traffic pattern).

(h)

For a lighter-than-air balloon course:

Two

solo flights if the course is for a hot air bal-
loon rating, or, if the course is for a gas bal-
loon rating, at least two flights in a gas bal-
loon, while performing the duties of pilot in
command under the supervision of a com-
mercial pilot with a balloon rating. The
training shall consist of the approved areas
of operation in paragraph (d)(8) of section
No. 4 of this appendix, in the kind of balloon
for which the course applies.

Stage checks and end-of-course tests.

(a)

Each student enrolled in a commercial pilot
course must satisfactorily accomplish the
stage checks and end-of-course tests, in ac-
cordance with the school’s approved training
course, consisting of the approved areas of
operation listed in paragraph (d) of section
No. 4 of this appendix that are appropriate to
aircraft category and class rating for which
the course applies.

(b) Each student must demonstrate satis-

factory proficiency prior to receiving an en-

dorsement to operate an aircraft in solo
flight.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40909, July 30, 1997, as
amended by Amdt. 141–10, 63 FR 20290, Apr.
23, 1998; Amdt. 141–12, 74 FR 42565, Aug. 21,
2009; Docket FAA–2015–1846, Amdt. 141–18, 81
FR 21461, Apr. 12, 2016; 83 FR 30283, June 27,
2018]

PPENDIX

ART

141—A

IRLINE

RANSPORT

ILOT

ERTIFICATION

OURSE

Applicability.

This appendix prescribes

the minimum curriculum for an airline
transport pilot certification course under
this part, for the following ratings:

(a) Airplane single-engine.
(b) Airplane multiengine.
(c) Rotorcraft helicopter.
(d) Powered-lift.
2.

Eligibility for enrollment.

Before com-

pleting the flight portion of the airline
transport pilot certification course, a person
must meet the aeronautical experience re-
quirements for an airline transport pilot cer-
tificate under part 61, subpart G of this chap-
ter that is appropriate to the aircraft cat-
egory and class rating for which the course
applies, and:

(a) Hold a commercial pilot certificate and

an instrument rating, or an airline transport
pilot certificate with instrument privileges;

(b) Meet the military experience require-

ments under § 61.73 of this chapter to qualify
for a commercial pilot certificate and an in-
strument rating, if the person is a rated
military pilot or former rated military pilot
of an Armed Force of the United States; or

pilot license or foreign commercial pilot li-
cense and an instrument rating, if the person
holds a pilot license issued by a contracting
State to the Convention on International
Civil Aviation.

Aeronautical knowledge areas.

(a) Each

approved course must include at least 40
hours of ground training on the aeronautical
knowledge areas listed in paragraph (b) of
this section, appropriate to the aircraft cat-
egory and class rating for which the course
applies.

(b) Ground training must include the fol-

lowing aeronautical knowledge areas:

(1) Applicable Federal Aviation Regula-

tions of this chapter that relate to airline
transport pilot privileges, limitations, and
flight operations;

(2) Meteorology, including knowledge of

and effects of fronts, frontal characteristics,
cloud formations, icing, and upper-air data;

(3) General system of weather and NOTAM

collection, dissemination, interpretation,
and use;

622

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

Pt. 141, App. F

(4) Interpretation and use of weather

charts, maps, forecasts, sequence reports, ab-
breviations, and symbols;

(5) National Weather Service functions as

they pertain to operations in the National
Airspace System;

(6) Windshear and microburst awareness,

identification, and avoidance;

(7) Principles of air navigation under in-

strument meteorological conditions in the
National Airspace System;

(8) Air traffic control procedures and pilot

responsibilities as they relate to en route op-
erations, terminal area and radar operations,
and instrument departure and approach pro-
cedures;

(9) Aircraft loading; weight and balance;

use of charts, graphs, tables, formulas, and
computations; and the effects on aircraft
performance;

(10) Aerodynamics relating to an aircraft’s

flight characteristics and performance in
normal and abnormal flight regimes;

(11) Human factors;
(12) Aeronautical decision making and

judgment; and

(13) Crew resource management to include

crew communication and coordination.

Flight training.

(a) Each approved course

must include at least 25 hours of flight train-
ing on the approved areas of operation listed
in paragraph (c) of this section appropriate
to the aircraft category and class rating for
which the course applies. At least 15 hours of
this flight training must be instrument
flight training.

(b) For the use of full flight simulators or

flight training devices—

(1) The course may include training in a

(2) Training in a full flight simulator that

meets the requirements of § 141.41(a) may be
credited for a maximum of 50 percent of the
total flight training hour requirements of
the approved course, or of this section,
whichever is less.

(3) Training in a flight training device that

meets the requirements of § 141.41(a) may be
credited for a maximum of 25 percent of the
total flight training hour requirements of
the approved course, or of this section,
whichever is less.

(4) Training in full flight simulators or

flight training devices described in para-
graphs (b)(2) and (3) of this section, if used in
combination, may be credited for a max-
imum of 50 percent of the total flight train-
ing hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
However, credit for training in a flight train-
ing device that meets the requirements of

§ 141.41(a) cannot exceed the limitation pro-
vided for in paragraph (b)(3) of this section.

flight training on the approved areas of oper-
ation listed in this paragraph appropriate to
the aircraft category and class rating for
which the course applies:

(1) Preflight preparation;
(2) Preflight procedures;
(3) Takeoff and departure phase;
(4) In-flight maneuvers;
(5) Instrument procedures;
(6) Landings and approaches to landings;
(7) Normal and abnormal procedures;
(8) Emergency procedures; and
(9) Postflight procedures.
5.

Stage checks and end-of-course tests.

(a)

Each student enrolled in an airline transport
pilot course must satisfactorily accomplish
the stage checks and end-of-course tests, in
accordance with the school’s approved train-
ing course, consisting of the approved areas
of operation listed in paragraph (c) of section
No. 4 of this appendix that are appropriate to
the aircraft category and class rating for
which the course applies.

(b) Each student must demonstrate satis-

factory proficiency prior to receiving an en-
dorsement to operate an aircraft in solo
flight.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40909, July 30, 1997; Amdt.
141–12, 74 FR 42565, Aug. 21, 2009; Docket
FAA–2015–1846, Amdt. 141–18, 81 FR 21461,
Apr. 12, 2016]

PPENDIX

ART

141—F

LIGHT

NSTRUCTOR

ERTIFICATION

OURSE

Applicability.

This appendix prescribes

the minimum curriculum for a flight in-
structor certification course and an addi-
tional flight instructor rating course re-
quired under this part, for the following rat-
ings:

(a) Airplane single-engine.
(b) Airplane multiengine.
(c) Rotorcraft helicopter.
(d) Rotorcraft gyroplane.
(e) Powered-lift.
(f) Glider category.
2.

Eligibility for enrollment.

A person must

hold the following prior to enrolling in the
flight portion of the flight instructor or ad-
ditional flight instructor rating course:

(a) A commercial pilot certificate or an

airline transport pilot certificate, with an
aircraft category and class rating appro-
priate to the flight instructor rating for
which the course applies; and

(b) An instrument rating or privilege in an

aircraft that is appropriate to the aircraft
category and class rating for which the
course applies, if the course is for a flight in-
structor airplane or powered-lift instrument
rating.

623

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

Pt. 141, App. F

Aeronautical knowledge training.

(a) Each

approved course must include at least the
following ground training in the aero-
nautical knowledge areas listed in paragraph
(b) of this section:

(1) 40 hours of training if the course is for

an initial issuance of a flight instructor cer-
tificate; or

(2) 20 hours of training if the course is for

an additional flight instructor rating.

(b) Ground training must include the fol-

lowing aeronautical knowledge areas:

(1) The fundamentals of instructing includ-

ing—

(i) The learning process;
(ii) Elements of effective teaching;
(iii) Student evaluation and testing;
(iv) Course development;
(v) Lesson planning; and
(vi) Classroom training techniques.
(2) The aeronautical knowledge areas in

which training is required for—

(i) A recreational, private, and commercial

pilot certificate that is appropriate to the
aircraft category and class rating for which
the course applies; and

(ii) An instrument rating that is appro-

priate to the aircraft category and class rat-
ing for which the course applies, if the
course is for an airplane or powered-lift air-
craft rating.

2 years of study on the principles of edu-
cation at a college or university may be
credited with no more than 20 hours of the
training required in paragraph (a)(1) of this
section.

Flight training.

(a) Each approved course

must include at least the following flight
training on the approved areas of operation
of paragraph (c) of this section appropriate
to the flight instructor rating for which the
course applies:

(1) 25 hours, if the course is for an airplane,

rotorcraft, or powered-lift rating; and

(2) 10 hours, which must include 10 flights,

if the course is for a glider category rating.

(b) For the use of flight simulators or

flight training devices:

(1) The course may include training in a

(2) Training in a full flight simulator that

meets the requirements of § 141.41(a), may be
credited for a maximum of 10 percent of the
total flight training hour requirements of
the approved course, or of this section,
whichever is less.

(3) Training in a flight training device that

meets the requirements of § 141.41(a), may be
credited for a maximum of 5 percent of the
total flight training hour requirements of

the approved course, or of this section,
whichever is less.

(4) Training in full flight simulators or

flight training devices described in para-
graphs (b)(2) and (3) of this section, if used in
combination, may be credited for a max-
imum of 10 percent of the total flight train-
ing hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
However, credit for training in a flight train-
ing device that meets the requirements of
§ 141.41(a) cannot exceed the limitation pro-
vided for in paragraph (b)(3) of this section.

flight training on the approved areas of oper-
ation listed in this paragraph that are appro-
priate to the aircraft category and class rat-
ing for which the course applies—

(1)

For an airplane—single-engine course:

(i)

Fundamentals of instructing;

(ii) Technical subject areas;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be

performed in flight;

(v) Preflight procedures;
(vi) Airport and seaplane base operations;
(vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(viii) Fundamentals of flight;
(ix) Performance maneuvers;
(x) Ground reference maneuvers;
(xi) Slow flight, stalls, and spins;
(xii) Basic instrument maneuvers;
(xiii) Emergency operations; and
(xiv) Postflight procedures.
(2)

For an airplane—multiengine course:

(i)

Fundamentals of instructing;

(ii) Technical subject areas;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be

performed in flight;

(v) Preflight procedures;
(vi) Airport and seaplane base operations;
(vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(viii) Fundamentals of flight;
(ix) Performance maneuvers;
(x) Ground reference maneuvers;
(xi) Slow flight and stalls;
(xii) Basic instrument maneuvers;
(xiii) Emergency operations;
(xiv) Multiengine operations; and
(xv) Postflight procedures.
(3)

For a rotorcraft—helicopter course:

(i)

Fundamentals of instructing;

(ii) Technical subject areas;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be

performed in flight;

(v) Preflight procedures;
(vi) Airport and heliport operations;
(vii) Hovering maneuvers;
(viii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(ix) Fundamentals of flight;
(x) Performance maneuvers;
(xi) Emergency operations;
(xii) Special operations; and
(xiii) Postflight procedures.

624

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

Pt. 141, App. G

(4)

For a rotorcraft—gyroplane course:

(i)

Fundamentals of instructing;

(ii) Technical subject areas;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be

performed in flight;

(v) Preflight procedures;
(vi) Airport operations;
(vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(viii) Fundamentals of flight;
(ix) Performance maneuvers;
(x) Flight at slow airspeeds;
(xi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(xii) Emergency operations; and
(xiii) Postflight procedures.
(5)

For a powered-lift course:

(i) Fundamen-

tals of instructing;

(ii) Technical subject areas;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be

performed in flight;

(v) Preflight procedures;
(vi) Airport and heliport operations;
(vii) Hovering maneuvers;
(viii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(ix) Fundamentals of flight;
(x) Performance maneuvers;
(xi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(xii) Slow flight and stalls;
(xiii) Basic instrument maneuvers;
(xiv) Emergency operations;
(xv) Special operations; and
(xvi) Postflight procedures.
(6)

For a glider course:

(i) Fundamentals of

instructing;

(ii) Technical subject areas;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be

performed in flight;

(v) Preflight procedures;
(vi) Airport and gliderport operations;
(vii) Tows or launches, landings, and go-

arounds, if applicable;

(viii) Fundamentals of flight;
(ix) Performance speeds;
(x) Soaring techniques;
(xi) Performance maneuvers;
(xii) Slow flight, stalls, and spins;
(xiii) Emergency operations; and
(xiv) Postflight procedures.
5.

Stage checks and end-of-course tests.

(a)

Each student enrolled in a flight instructor
course must satisfactorily accomplish the
stage checks and end-of-course tests, in ac-
cordance with the school’s approved training
course, consisting of the appropriate ap-
proved areas of operation listed in paragraph
(c) of section No. 4 of this appendix appro-
priate to the flight instructor rating for
which the course applies.

(b) In the case of a student who is enrolled

in a flight instructor-airplane rating or
flight instructor-glider rating course, that
student must have:

(1) Received a logbook endorsement from a

certificated flight instructor certifying the
student received ground and flight training

on stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and
spin recovery procedures in an aircraft that
is certificated for spins and is appropriate to
the rating sought; and

(2) Demonstrated instructional proficiency

in stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin
recovery procedures.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40909, July 30, 1997, as
amended by Docket FAA–2015–1846, Amdt.
141–18, 81 FR 21461, Apr. 12, 2016]

PPENDIX

ART

141—F

LIGHT

STRUCTOR

NSTRUMENT

OR AN

PLANE

, H

ELICOPTER

OWERED

IFT

NSTRUMENT

NSTRUCTOR

ING

PPROPRIATE

) C

ERTIFI

CATION

OURSE

Applicability.

This appendix prescribes

the minimum curriculum for a flight in-
structor instrument certification course re-
quired under this part, for the following rat-
ings:

(a) Flight Instructor Instrument—Air-

plane.

(b) Flight Instructor Instrument—Heli-

copter.

ered-lift aircraft.

Eligibility for enrollment.

A person must

hold the following prior to enrolling in the
flight portion of the flight instructor instru-
ment course:

(a) A commercial pilot certificate or air-

line transport pilot certificate with an air-
craft category and class rating appropriate
to the flight instructor category and class
rating for which the course applies; and

(b) An instrument rating or privilege on

that flight instructor applicant’s pilot cer-
tificate that is appropriate to the flight in-
structor instrument rating (for an airplane-
, helicopter-, or powered-lift-instrument rat-
ing, as appropriate) for which the course ap-
plies.

Aeronautical knowledge training.

(a) Each

approved course must include at least 15
hours of ground training on the aeronautical
knowledge areas listed in paragraph (b) of
this section, appropriate to the flight in-
structor instrument rating (for an airplane-
, helicopter-, or powered-lift-instrument rat-
ing, as appropriate) for which the course ap-
plies:

(b) Ground training must include the fol-

lowing aeronautical knowledge areas:

(1) The fundamentals of instructing includ-

ing:

(i) The learning process;
(ii) Elements of effective teaching;
(iii) Student evaluation and testing;
(iv) Course development;
(v) Lesson planning; and
(vi) Classroom training techniques.

625

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

Pt. 141, App. H

(2) The aeronautical knowledge areas in

which training is required for an instrument
rating that is appropriate to the aircraft cat-
egory and class rating for the course which
applies.

Flight training.

(a) Each approved course

must include at least 15 hours of flight train-
ing in the approved areas of operation of
paragraph (c) of this section appropriate to
the flight instructor rating for which the
course applies.

(b) For the use of full flight simulators or

flight training devices:

(1) The course may include training in a

full flight simulator or flight training de-
vice, provided it is representative of the air-
craft for which the course is approved for,
meets requirements of this paragraph, and
the training is given by an instructor.

(2) Training in a full flight simulator that

meets the requirements of § 141.41(a), may be
credited for a maximum of 10 percent of the
total flight training hour requirements of
the approved course, or of this section,
whichever is less.

(3) Training in a flight training device that

meets the requirements of § 141.41(a), may be
credited for a maximum of 5 percent of the
total flight training hour requirements of
the approved course, or of this section,
whichever is less.

(4) Training in full flight simulators or

flight training devices described in para-
graphs (b)(2) and (3) of this section, if used in
combination, may be credited for a max-
imum of 10 percent of the total flight train-
ing hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
However, credit for training in a flight train-
ing device that meets the requirements of
§ 141.41(b) cannot exceed the limitation pro-
vided for in paragraph (b)(3) of this section.

structor-instrument rating must include
flight training on the following approved
areas of operation that are appropriate to
the instrument-aircraft category and class
rating for which the course applies:

(1) Fundamentals of instructing;
(2) Technical subject areas;
(3) Preflight preparation;
(4) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be

performed in flight;

(5) Air traffic control clearances and proce-

dures;

(6) Flight by reference to instruments;
(7) Navigation systems;
(8) Instrument approach procedures;
(9) Emergency operations; and
(10) Postflight procedures.
5.

Stage checks and end-of-course tests.

Each

student enrolled in a flight instructor instru-
ment course must satisfactorily accomplish
the stage checks and end-of-course tests, in
accordance with the school’s approved train-
ing course, consisting of the approved areas
of operation listed in paragraph (c) of section

No. 4 of this appendix that are appropriate to
the flight instructor instrument rating (for
an airplane-, helicopter-, or powered-lift-in-
strument rating, as appropriate) for which
the course applies.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40909, July 30, 1997, as
amended by Docket FAA–2015–1846, Amdt.
141–18, 81 FR 21461, Apr. 12, 2016]

PPENDIX

ART

141—G

ROUND

NSTRUCTOR

ERTIFICATION

OURSE

Applicability.

This appendix prescribes

the minimum curriculum for a ground in-
structor certification course and an addi-
tional ground instructor rating course, re-
quired under this part, for the following rat-
ings:

(a) Ground Instructor—Basic.
(b) Ground Instructor—Advanced.
(c) Ground Instructor—Instrument.
2.

Aeronautical knowledge training.

(a) Each

approved course must include at least the
following ground training on the knowledge
areas listed in paragraphs (b), (c), (d), and (e)
of this section, appropriate to the ground in-
structor rating for which the course applies:

(1) 20 hours of training if the course is for

an initial issuance of a ground instructor
certificate; or

(2) 10 hours of training if the course is for

an additional ground instructor rating.

(b) Ground training must include the fol-

lowing aeronautical knowledge areas:

(1) Learning process;
(2) Elements of effective teaching;
(3) Student evaluation and testing;
(4) Course development;
(5) Lesson planning; and
(6) Classroom training techniques.
(c) Ground training for a basic ground in-

structor certificate must include the aero-
nautical knowledge areas applicable to a rec-
reational and private pilot.

(d) Ground training for an advanced ground

instructor rating must include the aero-
nautical knowledge areas applicable to a rec-
reational, private, commercial, and airline
transport pilot.

(e) Ground training for an instrument

ground instructor rating must include the
aeronautical knowledge areas applicable to
an instrument rating.

(f) A student who satisfactorily completed

2 years of study on the principles of edu-
cation at a college or university may be
credited with 10 hours of the training re-
quired in paragraph (a)(1) of this section.

Stage checks and end-of-course tests.

Each

student enrolled in a ground instructor
course must satisfactorily accomplish the
stage checks and end-of-course tests, in ac-
cordance with the school’s approved training
course, consisting of the approved knowledge
areas in paragraph (b), (c), (d), and (e) of sec-
tion No. 2 of this appendix appropriate to the

626

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

Pt. 141, App. I

ground instructor rating for which the
course applies.

PPENDIX

ART

141—A

DDITIONAL

IRCRAFT

ATEGORY AND

LASS

ATING

OURSE

Applicability.

This appendix prescribes

the minimum curriculum for an additional
aircraft category rating course or an addi-
tional aircraft class rating course required
under this part, for the following ratings:

(a) Airplane single-engine.
(b) Airplane multiengine.
(c) Rotorcraft helicopter.
(d) Rotorcraft gyroplane.
(e) Powered-lift.
(f) Glider.
(g) Lighter-than-air airship.
(h) Lighter-than-air balloon.
2.

Eligibility for enrollment.

A person must

hold the level of pilot certificate for the ad-
ditional aircraft category and class rating
for which the course applies prior to enroll-
ing in the flight portion of an additional air-
craft category or additional aircraft class
rating course.

Aeronautical knowledge training.

(a) For a recreational pilot certificate, the

following aeronautical knowledge areas
must be included in a 10-hour ground train-
ing course for an additional aircraft category
and/or class rating:

(1) Applicable regulations issued by the

Federal Aviation Administration for rec-
reational pilot privileges, limitations, and
flight operations;

(2) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft,

including collision avoidance, and recogni-
tion and avoidance of wake turbulence;

(3) Effects of density altitude on takeoff

and climb performance;

(4) Weight and balance computations;
(5) Principles of aerodynamics, power-

plants, and aircraft systems;

(6) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and

spin recovery techniques if applying for an
airplane single engine rating; and

(7) Preflight action that includes how to

obtain information on runway lengths at air-
ports of intended use, data on takeoff and
landing distances, weather reports and fore-
casts, and fuel requirements.

(b) For a private pilot certificate, the fol-

lowing aeronautical knowledge areas must
be included in a 10-hour ground training
course for an additional class rating or a 15-
hour ground training course for an addi-
tional aircraft category and class rating:

(1) Applicable regulations issued by the

Federal Aviation Administration for private
pilot privileges, limitations, and flight oper-
ations;

(2) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft,

including collision avoidance, and recogni-
tion and avoidance of wake turbulence;

(3) Effects of density altitude on takeoff

and climb performance;

(4) Weight and balance computations;
(5) Principles of aerodynamics, power-

plants, and aircraft systems;

(6) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and

spin recovery techniques if applying for an
airplane single engine rating; and

(7) Preflight action that includes how to

obtain information on runway lengths at air-
ports of intended use, data on takeoff and
landing distances, weather reports and fore-
casts, and fuel requirements.

following aeronautical knowledge areas
must be included in a 15-hour ground train-
ing course for an additional class rating or a
20-hour ground training course for an addi-
tional aircraft category and class rating:

(1) Applicable regulations issued by the

Federal Aviation Administration for com-
mercial pilot privileges, limitations, and
flight operations;

(2) Basic aerodynamics and the principles

of flight;

(3) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft;
(4) Weight and balance computations;
(5) Use of performance charts;
(6) Significance and effects of exceeding

aircraft performance limitations;

(7) Principles and functions of aircraft sys-

tems;

(8) Maneuvers, procedures, and emergency

operations appropriate to the aircraft;

(9) Nighttime and high-altitude operations;

and

(10) Procedures for flight and ground train-

ing for lighter-than-air ratings.

(d) For an airline transport pilot certifi-

cate, the following aeronautical knowledge
areas must be included in a 25-hour ground
training course for an additional aircraft
category and/or class rating:

(1) Applicable regulations issued by the

Federal Aviation Administration for airline
transport pilot privileges, limitations, and
flight operations;

(2) Meteorology, including knowledge and

effects of fronts, frontal characteristics,
cloud formations, icing, and upper-air data;

(3) General system of weather and NOTAM

collection, dissemination, interpretation,
and use;

(4) Interpretation and use of weather

charts, maps, forecasts, sequence reports, ab-
breviations, and symbols;

(5) National Weather Service functions as

they pertain to operations in the National
Airspace System;

(6) Windshear and microburst awareness,

identification, and avoidance;

(7) Principles of air navigation under in-

strument meteorological conditions in the
National Airspace System;

(8) Air traffic control procedures and pilot

responsibilities as they relate to en route op-
erations, terminal area and radar operations,

627

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

Pt. 141, App. I

and instrument departure and approach pro-
cedures;

(9) Aircraft loading; weight and balance;

use of charts, graphs, tables, formulas, and
computations; and the effects on aircraft
performance;

(10) Aerodynamics relating to an aircraft’s

flight characteristics and performance in
normal and abnormal flight regimes;

(11) Human factors;
(12) Aeronautical decision making and

judgment; and

(13) Crew resource management to include

crew communication and coordination.

4. Flight training.
(a) Course for an additional airplane cat-

egory and single engine class rating.

(1) For the recreational pilot certificate,

the course must include 15 hours of flight
training on the areas of operations under
part 141, appendix A, paragraph 4(c)(1) that
include—

(i) Two hours of flight training to an air-

port and at an airport that is located more
than 25 nautical miles from the airport
where the applicant normally trains, with
three takeoffs and three landings, except as
provided under § 61.100 of this chapter; and

(ii) Three hours of flight training in an air-

craft with the airplane category and single
engine class within 2 calendar months before
the date of the practical test.

(2) For the private pilot certificate, the

course must include 20 hours of flight train-
ing on the areas of operations under part 141,
appendix B, paragraph 4(d)(1). A flight simu-
lator and flight training device cannot be
used to meet more than 4 hours of the train-
ing requirements, and the use of the flight
training device is limited to 3 hours of the 4
hours permitted. The course must include—

(i) Three hours of cross country training in

a single engine airplane, except as provided
under § 61.111 of this chapter;

(ii) Three hours of nighttime flight train-

ing in a single engine airplane that includes
one cross country flight of more than 100
nautical miles total distance, and 10 takeoffs
and 10 landings to a full stop (with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic pat-
tern) at an airport;

(iii) Three hours of flight training in a sin-

gle engine airplane on the control and ma-
neuvering of the airplane solely by reference
to instruments, including straight and level
flight, constant airspeed climbs and de-
scents, turns to a heading, recovery from un-
usual flight attitudes, radio communica-
tions, and the use of navigation systems/fa-
cilities and radar services appropriate to in-
strument flight; and

(iv) Three hours of flight training in a sin-

gle engine airplane within 2 calendar months
before the date of the practical test.

(3) For the commercial pilot certificate,

the course must include 55 hours of flight
training on the areas of operations under

part 141, appendix D, paragraph 4(d)(1). A
flight simulator and flight training device
cannot be used to meet more than 16.5 hours
of the training requirements, and the use of
the flight training device is limited to 11
hours of the 16.5 hours permitted. The course
must include—

(i) Five hours of instrument training in a

single engine airplane that includes training
using a view-limiting device on attitude in-
strument flying, partial panel skills, recov-
ery from unusual flight attitudes, and inter-
cepting and tracking navigational systems;

(ii) Ten hours of training in a complex air-

plane, a turbine-powered airplane, or a tech-
nically advanced airplane that meets the re-
quirements of § 61.129(j), or any combination
thereof. The airplane must be appropriate to
land or sea for the rating sought;

(iii) One 2-hour cross country flight during

daytime conditions in a single engine air-
plane, a total straight-line distance of more
than 100 nautical miles from the original
point of departure;

(iv) One 2-hour cross country flight during

nighttime conditions in a single engine air-
plane, a total straight-line distance of more
than 100 nautical miles from the original
point of departure; and

(v) Three hours in a single engine airplane

within 2 calendar months before the date of
the practical test.

(4) For the airline transport pilot certifi-

cate, the course must include 25 hours flight
training, including 15 hours of instrument
training, in a single engine airplane on the
areas of operation under part 141, appendix
E, paragraph 4.(c). A flight simulator and
flight training device cannot be used to meet
more than 12.5 hours of the training require-
ments; and the use of the flight training de-
vice is limited to 6.25 hours of the 12.5 hours
permitted.

(b) Course for an additional airplane cat-

egory and multiengine class rating.

(1) For the private pilot certificate, the

course requires 20 hours flight training on
the areas of operations under part 141, appen-
dix B, paragraph 4.(d)(2). A flight simulator
and flight training device cannot be used
more than 4 hours to meet the training re-
quirements, and use of the flight training de-
vice is limited to 3 hours of the 4 hours per-
mitted. The course must include—

(i) Three hours of cross country training in

a multiengine airplane, except as provided
under § 61.111 of this chapter;

(ii) Three hours of nighttime flight train-

ing in a multiengine airplane that includes
one cross country flight of more than 100
nautical miles total distance, and 10 takeoffs
and 10 landings to a full stop (with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic pat-
tern) at an airport;

(iii) Three hours of flight training in a

multiengine airplane on the control and ma-
neuvering of a multiengine airplane solely

628

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

Pt. 141, App. I

by reference to instruments, including
straight and level flight, constant airspeed
climbs and descents, turns to a heading, re-
covery from unusual flight attitudes, radio
communications, and the use of navigation
systems/facilities and radar services appro-
priate to instrument flight; and

(iv) Three hours of flight training in a mul-

tiengine airplane in preparation for the prac-
tical test within 2 calendar months before
the date of the test.

(2) For the commercial pilot certificate,

the course requires 55 hours flight training
on the areas of operations under part 141, ap-
pendix D, paragraph 4.(d)(2). A flight simu-
lator and flight training device cannot be
used more than 16.5 hours to meet the train-
ing requirements, and use of the flight train-
ing device is limited to 11 hours of the 16.5
hours permitted. The course must include—

(i) Five hours of instrument training in a

multiengine airplane including training
using a view-limiting device for attitude in-
strument flying, partial panel skills, recov-
ery from unusual flight attitudes, and inter-
cepting and tracking navigational systems;

(ii) Ten hours of training in a multiengine

airplane that has retractable landing gear,
flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller, or is
turbine-powered;

(iii) One 2-hour cross country flight during

daytime conditions in a multiengine air-
plane, and a total straight-line distance of
more than 100 nautical miles from the origi-
nal point of departure;

(iv) One 2-hour cross country flight during

nighttime conditions in a multiengine air-
plane, and a total straight-line distance of
more than 100 nautical miles from the origi-
nal point of departure; and

(v) Three hours in a multiengine airplane

within 2 calendar months before the date of
the practical test.

(3) For the airline transport pilot certifi-

cate, the course requires 25 hours of flight
training in a multiengine airplane on the
areas of operation under part 141, appendix
E, paragraph 4.(c) that includes 15 hours of
instrument training. A flight simulator and
flight training device cannot be used more
than 12.5 hours to meet the training require-
ments, and use of the flight training device
is limited to 6.25 hours of the 12.5 hours per-
mitted.

egory and helicopter class rating.

(1) For the recreational pilot certificate,

the course requires 15 hours of flight train-
ing on the areas of operations under part 141,
appendix A, paragraph 4.(c)(2) that includes—

(i) Two hours of flight training to and at

an airport that is located more than 25 nau-
tical miles from the airport where the appli-
cant normally trains, with three takeoffs
and three landings, except as provided under
§ 61.100 of this chapter; and

(ii) Three hours of flight training in a

rotorcraft category and a helicopter class
aircraft within 2 calendar months before the
date of the practical test.

(2) For the private pilot certificate, the

course requires 20 hours flight training on
the areas of operations under part 141, appen-
dix B, paragraph 4.(d)(3). A flight simulator
and flight training device cannot be used
more than 4 hours to meet the training re-
quirements, and use of the flight training de-
vice is limited to 3 hours of the 4 hours per-
mitted. The course must include—

(i) Except as provided under § 61.111 of this

chapter, 3 hours of cross country flight
training in a helicopter;

(ii) Three hours of nighttime flight train-

ing in a helicopter that includes one cross
country flight of more than 50 nautical miles
total distance, and 10 takeoffs and 10 land-
ings to a full stop (with each landing involv-
ing a flight in the traffic pattern) at an air-
port; and

(iii) Three hours of flight training in a hel-

icopter within 2 calendar months before the
date of the practical test.

(3) The commercial pilot certificate level

requires 30 hours flight training on the areas
of operations under appendix D of part 141,
paragraph 4.(d)(3). A flight simulator and
flight training device cannot be used more
than 9 hours to meet the training require-
ments, and use of the flight training device
is limited to 6 hours of the 9 hours per-
mitted. The course must include—

(i) Five hours on the control and maneu-

vering of a helicopter solely by reference to
instruments, and must include training
using a view-limiting device for attitude in-
strument flying, partial panel skills, recov-
ery from unusual flight attitudes, and inter-
cepting and tracking navigational systems.
This aeronautical experience may be per-
formed in an aircraft, flight simulator, flight
training device, or an aviation training de-
vice;

(ii) One 2-hour cross country flight during

daytime conditions in a helicopter, a total
straight-line distance of more than 50 nau-
tical miles from the original point of depar-
ture;

(iii) One 2-hour cross country flight during

nighttime conditions in a helicopter, a total
straight-line distance of more than 50 nau-
tical miles from the original point of depar-
ture; and

(iv) Three hours in a helicopter within 2

calendar months before the date of the prac-
tical test.

(4) For the airline transport pilot certifi-

cate, the course requires 25 hours of flight
training, including 15 hours of instrument
training, in a helicopter on the areas of oper-
ation under part 141, appendix E, paragraph
4.(c). A flight simulator and flight training
device cannot be used more than 12.5 hours
to meet the training requirements, and use

629

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

Pt. 141, App. I

of the flight training device is limited to 6.25
hours of the 12.5 hours permitted.

(d) Course for an additional rotorcraft cat-

egory and a gyroplane class rating.

(1) For the recreational pilot certificate,

the course requires 15 hours flight training
on the areas of operations under part 141, ap-
pendix A, paragraph 4.(c)(3) that includes—

(i) Two hours of flight training to and at

(ii) Three hours of flight training in a gy-

roplane class within 2 calendar months be-
fore the date of the practical test.

(2) For the private pilot certificate, the

course requires 20 hours flight training on
the areas of operations under part 141, appen-
dix B, paragraph 4.(d)(4). A flight simulator
and flight training device cannot be used
more than 4 hours to meet the training re-
quirements, and use of the flight training de-
vice is limited to 3 hours of the 4 hours per-
mitted. The course must include—

(i) Three hours of cross country flight

training in a gyroplane, except as provided
under § 61.111 of this chapter;

(ii) Three hours of nighttime flight train-

ing in a gyroplane that includes one cross
country flight of more than 50 nautical miles
total distance, and 10 takeoffs and 10 land-
ings to a full stop (with each landing involv-
ing a flight in the traffic pattern) at an air-
port; and

(iii) Three hours of flight training in a gy-

roplane within 2 calendar months before the
date of the practical test.

(3) For the commercial pilot certificate,

the course requires 30 hours flight training
on the areas of operations of appendix D to
part 141, paragraph 4.(d)(4). A flight simu-
lator and flight training device cannot be
used more than 6 hours to meet the training
requirements, and use of the flight training
device is limited to 6 hours of the 9 hours
permitted. The course must include—

(i) 2.5 hours on the control and maneu-

vering of a gyroplane solely by reference to
instruments, and must include training
using a view-limiting device for attitude in-
strument flying, partial panel skills, recov-
ery from unusual flight attitudes, and inter-
cepting and tracking navigational systems.
This aeronautical experience may be per-
formed in an aircraft, flight simulator, flight
training device, or an aviation training de-
vice.

(ii) One 2-hour cross country flight during

daytime conditions in a gyroplane, a total
straight-line distance of more than 50 nau-
tical miles from the original point of depar-
ture;

(iii) Two hours of flight training during

nighttime conditions in a gyroplane at an
airport, that includes 10 takeoffs and 10 land-

ings to a full stop (with each landing involv-
ing a flight in the traffic pattern); and

(iv) Three hours in a gyroplane within 2

calendar months before the date of the prac-
tical test.

(e) Course for an additional lighter-than-

air category and airship class rating.

(1) For the private pilot certificate, the

course requires 20 hours of flight training on
the areas of operation under part 141, appen-
dix B, paragraph 4.(d)(7). A flight simulator
and flight training device cannot be used
more than 4 hours to meet the training re-
quirements, and use of the flight training de-
vice is limited to 3 hours of the 4 hours per-
mitted. The course must include—

(i) Three hours of cross country flight

training in an airship, except as provided
under § 61.111 of this chapter;

(ii) Three hours of nighttime flight train-

ing in an airship that includes one cross
country flight of more than 25 nautical miles
total distance and 5 takeoffs and 5 landings
to a full stop (with each landing involving a
flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport;

(iii) Three hours of flight training in an

airship on the control and maneuvering of an
airship solely by reference to instruments,
including straight and level flight, constant
airspeed climbs and descents, turns to a
heading, recovery from unusual flight atti-
tudes, radio communications, and the use of
navigation systems/facilities and radar serv-
ices appropriate to instrument flight; and

(iv) Three hours of flight training in an

airship within 2 calendar months before the
date of the practical test.

(2) For the commercial pilot certificate,

the course requires 55 hours of flight train-
ing on the areas of operation under part 141,
appendix D, paragraph 4.(d)(7). A flight simu-
lator and flight training device cannot be
used more than 16.5 hours to meet the train-
ing requirements, and use of the flight train-
ing device is limited to 11 hours of the 16.5
hours permitted. The course must include—

(i) Three hours of instrument training in

an airship that must include training using a
view-limiting device for attitude instrument
flying, partial panel skills, recovery from
unusual flight attitudes, and intercepting
and tracking navigational systems;

(ii) One hour cross country flight during

daytime conditions in an airship that con-
sists of, a total straight-line distance of
more than 25 nautical miles from the origi-
nal point of departure;

(iii) One hour cross country flight during

nighttime conditions in an airship that con-
sists of a total straight-line distance of more
than 25 nautical miles from the original
point of departure; and

(iv) Three hours of flight training in an

airship within 2 calendar months before the
date of the practical test.

(f) Course for an additional lighter-than-air

category and a gas balloon class rating.

630

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

Pt. 141, App. I

(1) For the private pilot certificate, the

course requires eight hours of flight training
that includes 5 training flights on the areas
of operations under part 141, appendix B,
paragraph 4(d)(8). A flight simulator and
flight training device cannot be used more
than 1.6 hours to meet the training require-
ments, and use of the flight training device
is limited to 1.2 hours of the 1.6 hours per-
mitted. The course must include—

(i) Two flights of 1 hour each;
(ii) One flight involving a controlled ascent

to 3,000 feet above the launch site; and

(iii) Two flights within 2 calendar months

before the date of the practical test.

(2) For the commercial pilot certificate,

the course requires 10 hours of flight train-
ing that includes eight training flights on
the areas of operations under part 141, appen-
dix D, paragraph 4(d)(8). A flight simulator
and flight training device cannot be used
more than 3 hours to meet the training re-
quirements, and use of the flight training de-
vice is limited to 2 hours of the 3 hours per-
mitted. The course must include—

(i) Two flights of 1 hour each;
(ii) One flight involving a controlled ascent

to 5,000 feet above the launch site; and

(iii) Two flights within 2 calendar months

before the date of the practical test.

(g) Course for an additional lighter-than-

air category and a hot air balloon class rat-
ing.

(1) For the private pilot certificate, the

(i) Two flights of 30 minutes each;
(ii) One flight involving a controlled ascent

to 2,000 feet above the launch site; and

(iii) Two flights within 2 calendar months

before the date of the practical test.

(2) For the commercial pilot certificate,

the course requires 10 hours of flight train-
ing that includes eight training flights on
the areas of operation under part 141, appen-
dix D, paragraph 4(d)(8). A flight simulator
and flight training device cannot be used
more than 3 hours to meet the training re-
quirements, and use of the flight training de-
vice is limited to 2 hours of the 3 hours per-
mitted. The course must include—

(i) Two flights of 30 minutes each;
(ii) One flight involving a controlled ascent

to 3,000 feet above the launch site; and

(iii) Two flights within 2 calendar months

before the date of the practical test.

(h) Course for an additional powered-lift

category rating.

(1) For the private pilot certificate, the

course requires 20 hours flight training on

the areas of operations under part 141, appen-
dix B, paragraph 4(d)(5). A flight simulator
and flight training device cannot be used
more than 4 hours to meet the training re-
quirements, and use of the flight training de-
vice is limited to 3 hours of the 4 hours per-
mitted. The course must include—

(i) Three hours of cross country flight

training in a powered-lift except as provided
under § 61.111 of this chapter;

(ii) Three hours of nighttime flight train-

ing in a powered-lift that includes one cross-
country flight of more than 100 nautical
miles total distance, and 10 takeoffs and 10
landings to a full stop (with each landing in-
volving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an
airport;

(iii) Three hours of flight training in a

(iv) Three hours of flight training in a pow-

ered-lift within 2 calendar months before the
date of the practical test.

(2) For the commercial pilot certificate,

the course requires 55 hours flight training
on the areas of operations under part 141, ap-
pendix D, paragraph 4(d)(5). A flight simu-
lator and flight training device cannot be
used more than 16.5 hours to meet the train-
ing requirements, and use of the flight train-
ing device is limited to 11 hours of the 16.5
hours permitted. The course includes—

(i) Five hours of instrument training in a

powered-lift that must include training
using a view-limiting device for attitude in-
strument flying, partial panel skills, recov-
ery from unusual flight attitudes, and inter-
cepting and tracking navigational systems;

(ii) One 2-hour cross country flight during

daytime conditions in a powered-lift, a total
straight-line distance of more than 100 nau-
tical miles from the original point of depar-
ture;

(iii) One 2-hour cross country flight during

nighttime conditions in a powered-lift, a
total straight-line distance of more than 100
nautical miles from the original point of de-
parture; and

(iv) Three hours of flight training in a pow-

ered-lift within 2 calendar months before the
date of the practical test.

(3) For the airline transport pilot certifi-

cate, the course requires 25 hours flight
training in a powered-lift on the areas of op-
eration under part 141, appendix E, para-
graph 4(c) that includes 15 hours of instru-
ment training. A flight simulator and flight
training device cannot be used more than
12.5 hours to meet the training requirements,

631

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

Pt. 141, App. I

and use of the flight training device is lim-
ited to 6.25 hours of the 12.5 hours permitted.

(i) Course for an additional glider category

rating.

(1) For the private pilot certificate, the

course requires 4 hours of flight training in
a glider on the areas of operations under part
141, appendix B, paragraph 4(d)(6). A flight
simulator and flight training device cannot
be used more than 0.8 hours to meet the
training requirements, and use of the flight
training device is limited to 0.6 hours of the
0.8 hours permitted. The course must in-
clude—

(i) Five training flights in a glider with a

certificated flight instructor on the launch/
tow procedures approved for the course and
on the appropriate approved areas of oper-
ation listed under appendix B, paragraph
4(d)(6) of this part; and

(ii) Three training flights in a glider with

a certificated flight instructor within 2 cal-
endar months before the date of the practical
test.

(2) The commercial pilot certificate level

requires 4 hours of flight training in a glider
on the areas of operation under part 141, ap-
pendix D, paragraph 4.(d)(6). A flight simu-
lator and flight training device cannot be
used more than 0.8 hours to meet the train-
ing requirements, and use of the flight train-
ing device is limited to 0.6 hours of the 0.8
hours permitted. The course must include—

(i) Five training flights in a glider with a

certificated flight instructor on the launch/
tow procedures approved for the course and
on the appropriate approved areas of oper-
ation listed in appendix D of part 141, para-
graph 4.(d)(6); and

(ii) Three training flights in a glider with

a certificated flight instructor in prepara-
tion for the practical test within 2 calendar
months preceding the date of the test.

(j) Course for an airplane additional single

engine class rating.

(1) For the private pilot certificate, the

course requires 3 hours of flight training in
the areas of operations under part 141, appen-
dix B, paragraph 4.(d)(1). A flight simulator
and flight training device cannot be used
more than 0.6 hours to meet the training re-
quirements, and use of the flight training de-
vice is limited to 0.4 hours of the 0.6 hours
permitted. The course must include—

(i) Three hours of cross country training in

a single engine airplane, except as provided
under § 61.111 of this chapter;

(ii) Three hours of nighttime flight train-

ing in a single engine airplane that includes
one cross country flight of more than 100
nautical miles total distance in a single en-
gine airplane and 10 takeoffs and 10 landings
to a full stop (with each landing involving a
flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport;

(iii) Three hours of flight training in a sin-

gle engine airplane on the control and ma-
neuvering of a single engine airplane solely

(iv) Three hours of flight training in a sin-

gle engine airplane within 2 calendar months
before the date of the practical test.

(2) For the commercial pilot certificate,

the course requires 10 hours of flight train-
ing on the areas of operations under part 141,
appendix D, paragraph 4.(d)(1).

(i) Five hours of instrument training in a

single engine airplane that must include
training using a view-limiting device for at-
titude instrument flying, partial panel
skills, recovery from unusual flight atti-
tudes, and intercepting and tracking naviga-
tional systems.

(ii) Ten hours of flight training in an air-

plane that has retractable landing gear,
flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller, or is
turbine-powered.

(iii) One 2-hour cross country flight during

daytime conditions in a single engine air-
plane and a total straight-line distance of
more than 100 nautical miles from the origi-
nal point of departure;

(iv) One 2-hour cross country flight during

nighttime conditions in a single engine air-
plane and a total straight-line distance of
more than 100 nautical miles from the origi-
nal point of departure; and

(v) Three hours of flight training in a sin-

gle engine airplane within 2 calendar months
before the date of the practical test.

(3) For the airline transport pilot certifi-

cate, the course requires 25 hours flight
training in a single engine airplane on the
areas of operation under appendix E to part
141, paragraph 4.(c), that includes 15 hours of
instrument training. A flight simulator and
flight training device cannot be used more
than 12.5 hours to meet the training require-
ments, and use of the flight training device
is limited to 6.25 hours of the 12.5 hours per-
mitted.

(k) Course for an airplane additional mul-

tiengine class rating.

(1) For the private pilot certificate, the

course requires 3 hours of flight training on
the areas of operations of appendix B to part
141, paragraph 4(d)(2). A flight simulator and
flight training device cannot be used more
than 0.6 hours to meet the training require-
ments, and use of the flight training device
is limited to 0.4 hours of the 0.6 hours per-
mitted. The course must include—

(i) Three hours of cross country training in

a multiengine airplane, except as provided
under § 61.111 of this chapter;

(ii) Three hours of nighttime flight train-

ing in a multiengine airplane that includes
one cross country flight of more than 100

632

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

Pt. 141, App. I

nautical miles total distance in a multien-
gine airplane, and 10 takeoffs and 10 landings
to a full stop (with each landing involving a
flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport;

(iii) Three hours of flight training in a

(iv) Three hours of flight training in a mul-

tiengine airplane within 2 calendar months
before the date of the practical test.

(2) For the commercial pilot certificate,

the course requires 10 hours of training on
the areas of operations under appendix D of
part 141, paragraph 4(d)(2). A flight simulator
and flight training device cannot be used
more than 3 hours to meet the training re-
quirements, and use of the flight training de-
vice is limited to 2 hours of the 3 hours per-
mitted. The course must include—

(i) Five hours of instrument training in a

multiengine airplane that must include
training using a view-limiting device on for
attitude instrument flying, partial panel
skills, recovery from unusual flight atti-
tudes, and intercepting and tracking naviga-
tional systems;

(ii) Ten hours of training in a multiengine

airplane that has retractable landing gear,
flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller, or is
turbine-powered;

(iii) One 2-hour cross country flight during

daytime conditions in a multiengine air-
plane and, a total straight-line distance of
more than 100 nautical miles from the origi-
nal point of departure;

(iv) One 2-hour cross country flight during

nighttime conditions in a multiengine air-
plane and, a total straight-line distance of
more than 100 nautical miles from the origi-
nal point of departure; and

(v) Three hours of flight training in a mul-

tiengine airplane within 2 calendar months
before the date of the practical test.

(3) For the airline transport pilot certifi-

cate, the course requires 25 hours of training
in a multiengine airplane on the areas of op-
eration of appendix E to part 141, paragraph
4.(c) that includes 15 hours of instrument
training. A flight simulator and flight train-
ing device cannot be used more than 12.5
hours to meet the training requirements,
and use of the flight training device is lim-
ited to 6.25 hours of the 12.5 hours permitted.

(l) Course for a rotorcraft additional heli-

copter class rating.

(1) For the recreational pilot certificate,

the course requires 3 hours of flight training
on the areas of operations under appendix A
of part 141, paragraph 4.(c)(2) that includes—

(i) Two hours of flight training to and at

(ii) Three hours of flight training in a heli-

copter within 2 calendar months before the
date of the practical test.

(2) For the private pilot certificate, the

course requires 3 hours flight training on the
areas of operations under appendix B of part
141, paragraph 4.(d)(3). A flight simulator and
flight training device cannot be used more
than 0.6 hours to meet the training require-
ments, and use of the flight training device
is limited to 0.4 hours of the 0.6 hours per-
mitted. The course must include—

(i) Three hours of cross country training in

a helicopter, except as provided under § 61.111
of this chapter;

(ii) Three hours of nighttime flight train-

(iii) Three hours of flight training in a hel-

icopter within 2 calendar months before the
date of the practical test.

(3) For the commercial pilot certificate,

the course requires 5 hours flight training on
the areas of operations under appendix D of
part 141, paragraph 4.(d)(3). Use of a flight
simulator and flight training device in the
approved training course cannot exceed 1
hour; however, use of the flight training de-
vice cannot exceed 0.7 of the one hour. The
course must include—

(i) Five hours on the control and maneu-

(ii) One 2-hour cross country flight during

daytime conditions in a helicopter and, a
total straight-line distance of more than 50
nautical miles from the original point of de-
parture;

(iii) One 2-hour cross country flight during

nighttime conditions in a helicopter and a
total straight-line distance of more than 50
nautical miles from the original point of de-
parture; and

(iv) Three hours of flight training in a heli-

copter within 2 calendar months before the
date of the practical test.

(4) For the airline transport pilot certifi-

cate, the course requires 25 hours of flight

633

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

Pt. 141, App. I

training in a helicopter on the areas of oper-
ation under appendix E of part 141, para-
graph 4.(c) that includes 15 hours of instru-
ment training. A flight simulator and flight
training device cannot be used more than
12.5 hours to meet the training requirements,
and use of the flight training device is lim-
ited to 6.25 hours of the 12.5 hours permitted.

(m) Course for a rotorcraft additional gyro-

plane class rating.

(1) For the recreational pilot certificate,

the course requires 3 hours flight training on
the areas of operations of appendix A to part
141, paragraph 4.(c)(3) that includes—

(i) Except as provided under § 61.100 of this

chapter, 2 hours of flight training to and at
an airport that is located more than 25 nau-
tical miles from the airport where the appli-
cant normally trains, with three takeoffs
and three landings; and

(ii) Within 2 calendar months before the

date of the practical test, 3 hours of flight
training in a gyroplane.

(2) For the private pilot certificate, the

course requires 3 hours flight training on the
areas of operations of appendix B to part 141,
paragraph 4.(d)(4). A flight simulator and
flight training device cannot be used more
than 0.6 hours to meet the training require-
ments, and use of the flight training device
is limited to 0.4 hours of the 0.6 hours per-
mitted. The course must include—

(i) Three hours of cross country training in

a gyroplane;

(ii) Three hours of nighttime flight train-

(iii) Three hours of flight training in a gy-

roplane within 2 calendar months before the
date of the practical test.

(3) For the commercial pilot certificate,

the course requires 5 hours flight training on
the areas of operations of appendix D to part
141, paragraph 4.(d)(4). A flight simulator and
flight training device cannot be used more
than 1 hour to meet the training require-
ments, and use of the flight training device
is limited to 0.7 hours of the 1 hour per-
mitted. The course must include—

(i) 2.5 hours on the control and maneu-

(ii) Three hours of cross country flight

training in a gyroplane, except as provided
under § 61.111 of this chapter;

(iii) Two hours of flight training during

nighttime conditions in a gyroplane at an
airport that includes 10 takeoffs and 10 land-
ings to a full stop (with each landing involv-
ing a flight in the traffic pattern); and

(iv) Three hours of flight training in a gy-

roplane within 2 calendar months before the
date of the practical test.

(n) Course for a lighter-than-air additional

airship class rating.

(1) For the private pilot certificate, the

course requires 20 hours of flight training on
the areas of operation under appendix B of
part 141, paragraph 4.(d)(7). A flight simu-
lator and flight training device cannot be
used more than 4 hours to meet the training
requirements, and use of the flight training
device is limited to 3 hours of the 4 hours
permitted. The course must include—

(i) Three hours of cross country training in

an airship, except as provided under § 61.111
of this chapter;

(ii) Three hours of nighttime flight train-

ing in an airship that includes one cross
country flight of more than 25 nautical miles
total distance, and 5 takeoffs and 5 landings
to a full stop (with each landing involving a
flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport;

(iii) Three hours of flight training in an

(iv) Three hours of flight training in an

airship within 2 calendar months before the
date of the practical test.

(2) For the commercial pilot certificate,

the course requires 55 hours of flight train-
ing on the areas of operation under appendix
D of part 141, paragraph 4.(d)(7). A flight sim-
ulator and flight training device cannot be
used more than 16.5 hours to meet the train-
ing requirements, and use of the flight train-
ing device is limited to 11 hours of the 16.5
hours permitted. The course must include—

(i) Three hours of instrument training in

(ii) One hour cross country flight during

daytime conditions in an airship that con-
sists of a total straight-line distance of more
than 25 nautical miles from the original
point of departure;

(iii) One hour cross country flight during

nighttime conditions in an airship that con-
sists of a total straight-line distance of more
than 25 nautical miles from the original
point of departure; and

634

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

Pt. 141, App. J

(iv) Three hours of flight training in an

airship within 2 calendar months before the
date of the practical test.

(o) Course for a lighter-than-air additional

gas balloon class rating.

(1) For the private pilot certificate, the

course requires eight hours of flight training
that includes 5 training flights on the areas
of operations under appendix B of part 141,
paragraph 4.(d)(8). A flight simulator and
flight training device cannot be used more
than 1.6 hours to meet the training require-
ments, and use of the flight training device
is limited to 1.2 hours of the 1.6 hours per-
mitted. The course must include—

(i) Two flights of 1 hour each;
(ii) One flight involving a controlled ascent

to 3,000 feet above the launch site; and

(iii) Two flights within 2 calendar months

before the date of the practical test.

(2) For the commercial pilot certificate,

the course requires 10 hours of flight train-
ing that includes eight training flights on
the areas of operations of appendix D to part
141, paragraph 4.(d)(8). A flight simulator and
flight training device cannot be used more
than 3 hours to meet the training require-
ments, and use of the flight training device
is limited to 2 hours of the 3 hours per-
mitted. The course must include—

(i) Two flights of 1 hour each;
(ii) One flight involving a controlled ascent

to 5,000 feet above the launch site; and

(iii) Two flights within 2 calendar months

before the date of the practical test.

(p) Course for a lighter-than-air additional

hot air balloon class rating.

(1) For the private pilot certificate, the

course requires 8 hours of flight training
that includes 5 training flights on the areas
of operations of appendix B to part 141, para-
graph 4.(d)(8). A flight simulator and flight
training device cannot be used more than 1.6
hours to meet the training requirements,
and use of the flight training device is lim-
ited to 1.2 hours of the 1.6 hours permitted.
The course must include—

(i) Two flights of 30 minutes each;
(ii) One flight involving a controlled ascent

to 2,000 feet above the launch site; and

(iii) Two flights within 2 calendar months

before the date of the practical test.

(2) For the commercial pilot certificate,

the course requires 10 hours of flight train-
ing that includes eight training flight on the
areas of operation of appendix D to part 141,
paragraph 4.(d)(8). A flight simulator and
flight training device cannot be used more
than 3 hours to meet the training require-
ments, and use of the flight training device
is limited to 2 hours of the 3 hours per-
mitted. The course must include—

(i) Two flights of 30 minutes each.
(ii) One flight involving a controlled ascent

to 3,000 feet above the launch site; and

(iii) Two flights within 2 calendar months

before the date of the practical test.

Stage checks and end-of-course tests.

(a)

Each student enrolled in an additional air-
craft category rating course or an additional
aircraft class rating course must satisfac-
torily accomplish the stage checks and end-
of-course tests, in accordance with the
school’s approved training course, consisting
of the approved areas of operation in section
No. 4 of this appendix that are appropriate to
the aircraft category and class rating for
which the course applies at the appropriate
pilot certificate level.

(b) Each student must demonstrate satis-

factory proficiency prior to receiving an en-
dorsement to operate an aircraft in solo
flight.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40909, July 30, 1997; Amdt.
141–12, 74 FR 42566, Aug. 21, 2009; Doc. No.
FAA–2016–6142, Amdt. 141–20, 83 FR 30284,
June 27, 2018; Doc. No. FAA–2022–1355; Amdt.
No. 141–24, 87 FR 75848, Dec. 9, 2022]

PPENDIX

ART

141—A

IRCRAFT

YPE

ATING

OURSE

, F

THER

HAN AN

IRLINE

RANSPORT

ILOT

ERTIFICATE

Applicability.

This appendix prescribes

the minimum curriculum for an aircraft type
rating course other than an airline transport
pilot certificate, for:

(a) A type rating in an airplane category—

single-engine class.

(b) A type rating in an airplane category—

multiengine class.

helicopter class.

(d) A type rating in a powered-lift cat-

egory.

(e) Other aircraft type ratings specified by

the Administrator through the aircraft type
certificate procedures.

Eligibility for enrollment.

Prior to enroll-

ing in the flight portion of an aircraft type
rating course, a person must hold at least a
private pilot certificate and:

(a) An instrument rating in the category

and class of aircraft that is appropriate to
the aircraft type rating for which the course
applies, provided the aircraft’s type certifi-
cate does not have a VFR limitation; or

(b) Be concurrently enrolled in an instru-

ment rating course in the category and class
of aircraft that is appropriate to the aircraft
type rating for which the course applies, and
pass the required instrument rating prac-
tical test concurrently with the aircraft type
rating practical test.

Aeronautical knowledge training.

(a) Each

approved course must include at least 10
hours of ground training on the aeronautical
knowledge areas listed in paragraph (b) of
this section, appropriate to the aircraft type
rating for which the course applies.

635

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

Pt. 141, App. J

(b) Ground training must include the fol-

lowing aeronautical areas:

(1) Proper control of airspeed, configura-

tion, direction, altitude, and attitude in ac-
cordance with procedures and limitations
contained in the aircraft’s flight manual,
checklists, or other approved material ap-
propriate to the aircraft type;

(2) Compliance with approved en route, in-

strument approach, missed approach, ATC,
or other applicable procedures that apply to
the aircraft type;

(3) Subjects requiring a practical knowl-

edge of the aircraft type and its powerplant,
systems, components, operational, and per-
formance factors;

(4) The aircraft’s normal, abnormal, and

emergency procedures, and the operations
and limitations relating thereto;

(5) Appropriate provisions of the approved

aircraft’s flight manual;

(6) Location of and purpose for inspecting

each item on the aircraft’s checklist that re-
lates to the exterior and interior preflight;
and

(7) Use of the aircraft’s prestart checklist,

appropriate control system checks, starting
procedures, radio and electronic equipment
checks, and the selection of proper naviga-
tion and communication radio facilities and
frequencies.

Flight training.

(a) Each approved course

must include at least:

(1) Flight training on the approved areas of

operation of paragraph (c) of this section in
the aircraft type for which the course ap-
plies; and

(2) 10 hours of training of which at least 5

hours must be instrument training in the
aircraft for which the course applies.

(b) For the use of full flight simulators or

flight training devices:

(1) The course may include training in a

full flight simulator or flight training de-
vice, provided it is representative of the air-
craft for which the course is approved, meets
requirements of this paragraph, and the
training is given by an authorized instruc-
tor.

(2) Training in a full flight simulator that

meets the requirements of § 141.41(a), may be
credited for a maximum of 50 percent of the
total flight training hour requirements of
the approved course, or of this section,
whichever is less.

(3) Training in a flight training device that

meets the requirements of § 141.41(a), may be
credited for a maximum of 25 percent of the
total flight training hour requirements of
the approved course, or of this section,
whichever is less.

(4) Training in the full flight simulators or

course, or of this section, whichever is less.
However, credit training in a flight training
device that meets the requirements of
§ 141.41(a) cannot exceed the limitation pro-
vided for in paragraph (b)(3) of this section.

flight training on the areas of operation list-
ed in this paragraph, that are appropriate to
the aircraft category and class rating for
which the course applies:

(1)

A type rating for an airplane—single-en-

gine course:

(i) Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Takeoff and departure phase;
(iv) In-flight maneuvers;
(v) Instrument procedures;
(vi) Landings and approaches to landings;
(vii) Normal and abnormal procedures;
(viii) Emergency procedures; and
(ix) Postflight procedures.
(2)

A type rating for an airplane—multiengine

course:

(i) Preflight preparation;

A type rating for a powered-lift course:

(i)

Preflight preparation;

A type rating for a rotorcraft—helicopter

course:

(i) Preflight preparation;

Other aircraft type ratings specified by the

Administrator through aircraft type certificate
procedures:

(i) Preflight preparation;

Stage checks and end-of-course tests.

(a)

Each student enrolled in an aircraft type
rating course must satisfactorily accomplish
the stage checks and end-of-course tests, in
accordance with the school’s approved train-
ing course, consisting of the approved areas

636

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

Pt. 141, App. K

of operation that are appropriate to the air-
craft type rating for which the course applies
at the airline transport pilot certificate
level; and

(b) Each student must demonstrate satis-

factory proficiency prior to receiving an en-
dorsement to operate an aircraft in solo
flight.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40910, July 30, 1997, as
amended by Docket FAA–2015–1846, Amdt.
141–18, 81 FR 21461, Apr. 12, 2016]

PPENDIX

ART

141—S

PECIAL

REPARATION

OURSES

Applicability.

This appendix prescribes

the minimum curriculum for the special
preparation courses that are listed in § 141.11
of this part.

Eligibility for enrollment.

Prior to enroll-

ing in the flight portion of a special prepara-
tion course, a person must hold a pilot cer-
tificate, flight instructor certificate, or
ground instructor certificate that is appro-
priate for the exercise of the operating privi-
leges or authorizations sought.

General requirements.

(a) To be approved,

a special preparation course must:

(1) Meet the appropriate requirements of

this appendix; and

(2) Prepare the graduate with the nec-

essary skills, competency, and proficiency to
exercise safely the privileges of the certifi-
cate, rating, or authorization for which the
course is established.

(b) An approved special preparation course

must include ground and flight training on
the operating privileges or authorization
sought, for developing competency, pro-
ficiency, resourcefulness, self-confidence,
and self-reliance in the student.

Use of full flight simulators or flight train-

ing devices.

(a) The approved special prepara-

tion course may include training in a full
flight simulator or flight training device,
provided it is representative of the aircraft
for which the course is approved, meets re-
quirements of this paragraph, and the train-
ing is given by an authorized instructor.

(b) Except for the airline transport pilot

certification program in section 13 of this ap-
pendix, training in a full flight simulator
that meets the requirements of § 141.41(a),
may be credited for a maximum of 10 percent
of the total flight training hour require-
ments of the approved course, or of this sec-
tion, whichever is less.

certification program in section 13 of this ap-
pendix, training in a flight training device
that meets the requirements of § 141.41(a),
may be credited for a maximum of 5 percent
of the total flight training hour require-
ments of the approved course, or of this sec-
tion, whichever is less.

(d) Training in the full flight simulators or

flight training devices described in para-
graphs (b) and (c) of this section, if used in
combination, may be credited for a max-
imum of 10 percent of the total flight train-
ing hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
However, credit for training in a flight train-
ing device that meets the requirements of
§ 141.41(a) cannot exceed the limitation pro-
vided for in paragraph (c) of this section.

Stage check and end-of-course tests.

Each

person enrolled in a special preparation
course must satisfactorily accomplish the
stage checks and end-of-course tests, in ac-
cordance with the school’s approved training
course, consisting of the approved areas of
operation that are appropriate to the oper-
ating privileges or authorization sought, and
for which the course applies.

Agricultural aircraft operations course.

approved special preparation course for pi-
lots in agricultural aircraft operations must
include at least the following—

(a) 25 hours of training on:
(1) Agricultural aircraft operations;
(2) Safe piloting and operating practices

and procedures for handling, dispensing, and
disposing agricultural and industrial chemi-
cals, including operating in and around con-
gested areas; and

(3) Applicable provisions of part 137 of this

chapter.

(b) 15 hours of flight training on agricul-

tural aircraft operations.

Rotorcraft external-load operations course.

An approved special preparation course for
pilots of external-load operations must in-
clude at least the following—

(a) 10 hours of training on:
(1) Rotorcraft external-load operations;
(2) Safe piloting and operating practices

and procedures for external-load operations,
including operating in and around congested
areas; and

(3) Applicable provisions of part 133 of this

chapter.

(b) 15 hours of flight training on external-

load operations.

Test pilot course.

An approved special

preparation course for pilots in test pilot du-
ties must include at least the following—

(a) Aeronautical knowledge training on:
(1) Performing aircraft maintenance, qual-

ity assurance, and certification test flight
operations;

(2) Safe piloting and operating practices

and procedures for performing aircraft main-
tenance, quality assurance, and certification
test flight operations;

(3) Applicable parts of this chapter that

pertain to aircraft maintenance, quality as-
surance, and certification tests; and

(4) Test pilot duties and responsibilities.
(b) 15 hours of flight training on test pilot

duties and responsibilities.

637

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

Pt. 141, App. L

Special operations course.

An approved

special preparation course for pilots in spe-
cial operations that are mission-specific for
certain aircraft must include at least the fol-
lowing—

(a) Aeronautical knowledge training on:
(1) Performing that special flight oper-

ation;

(2) Safe piloting operating practices and

procedures for performing that special flight
operation;

(3) Applicable parts of this chapter that

pertain to that special flight operation; and

(4) Pilot in command duties and respon-

sibilities for performing that special flight
operation.

(b) Flight training:
(1) On that special flight operation; and
(2) To develop skills, competency, pro-

ficiency, resourcefulness, self-confidence,
and self-reliance in the student for per-
forming that special flight operation in a
safe manner.

10.

Pilot refresher course.

An approved spe-

cial preparation pilot refresher course for a
pilot certificate, aircraft category and class
rating, or an instrument rating must include
at least the following—

(a) 4 hours of aeronautical knowledge

training on:

(1) The aeronautical knowledge areas that

are applicable to the level of pilot certifi-
cate, aircraft category and class rating, or
instrument rating, as appropriate, that per-
tain to that course;

(2) Safe piloting operating practices and

procedures; and

(3) Applicable provisions of parts 61 and 91

of this chapter for pilots.

(b) 6 hours of flight training on the ap-

proved areas of operation that are applicable
to the level of pilot certificate, aircraft cat-
egory and class rating, or instrument rating,
as appropriate, for performing pilot-in-com-
mand duties and responsibilities.

11.

Flight instructor refresher course.

An ap-

proved special preparation flight instructor
refresher course must include at least a com-
bined total of 16 hours of aeronautical
knowledge training, flight training, or any
combination of ground and flight training on
the following—

(a) Aeronautical knowledge training on:
(1) The aeronautical knowledge areas of

part 61 of this chapter that apply to student,
recreational, private, and commercial pilot
certificates and instrument ratings;

(2) The aeronautical knowledge areas of

part 61 of this chapter that apply to flight
instructor certificates;

(3) Safe piloting operating practices and

procedures, including airport operations and
operating in the National Airspace System;
and

(4) Applicable provisions of parts 61 and 91

of this chapter that apply to pilots and flight
instructors.

(b) Flight training to review:
(1) The approved areas of operations appli-

cable to student, recreational, private, and
commercial pilot certificates and instrument
ratings; and

(2) The skills, competency, and proficiency

for performing flight instructor duties and
responsibilities.

12.

Ground instructor refresher course.

An ap-

proved special preparation ground instructor
refresher course must include at least 16
hours of aeronautical knowledge training on:

(a) The aeronautical knowledge areas of

part 61 of this chapter that apply to student,
recreational, private, and commercial pilots
and instrument rated pilots;

(b) The aeronautical knowledge areas of

part 61 of this chapter that apply to ground
instructors;

procedures, including airport operations and
operating in the National Airspace System;
and

(d) Applicable provisions of parts 61 and 91

of this chapter that apply to pilots and
ground instructors.

13. Airline transport pilot certification

training program. An approved airline trans-
port pilot certification training program
must include the academic and FSTD train-
ing set forth in § 61.156 of this chapter. The
FAA will not approve a course with fewer
hours than those prescribed in § 61.156 of this
chapter.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40910, July 30, 1997, as
amended by Amdt. 141–17, 78 FR 42380, July
15, 2013; Amdt. 141–17A, 78 FR 53026, Aug. 28,
2013; Docket FAA–2015–1846, Amdt. 141–18, 81
FR 21462, Apr. 12, 2016]

PPENDIX

ART

141—P

ILOT

ROUND

CHOOL

OURSE

Applicability.

This appendix prescribes

the minimum curriculum for a pilot ground
school course required under this part.

General requirements.

An approved course

of training for a pilot ground school must in-
clude training on the aeronautical knowl-
edge areas that are:

(a) Needed to safely exercise the privileges

of the certificate, rating, or authority for
which the course is established; and

(b) Conducted to develop competency, pro-

ficiency, resourcefulness, self-confidence,
and self-reliance in each student.

Aeronautical knowledge training require-

ments.

Each approved pilot ground school

course must include:

(a) The aeronautical knowledge training

that is appropriate to the aircraft rating and
pilot certificate level for which the course
applies; and

638

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

Pt. 141, App. M

(b) An adequate number of total aero-

nautical knowledge training hours appro-
priate to the aircraft rating and pilot certifi-
cate level for which the course applies.

Stage checks and end-of-course tests.

Each

person enrolled in a pilot ground school
course must satisfactorily accomplish the
stage checks and end-of-course tests, in ac-
cordance with the school’s approved training
course, consisting of the approved areas of
operation that are appropriate to the oper-
ating privileges or authorization that grad-
uation from the course will permit and for
which the course applies.

PPENDIX

ART

141—C

OMBINED

RIVATE

ILOT

ERTIFICATION AND

NSTRUMENT

ATING

OURSE

Applicability.

This appendix prescribes

the minimum curriculum for a combined pri-
vate pilot certification and instrument rat-
ing course required under this part, for the
following ratings:

(a) Airplane.
(1) Airplane single-engine.
(2) Airplane multiengine.
(b) Rotorcraft helicopter.
(c) Powered-lift.
2.

Eligibility for enrollment.

A person must

hold a sport pilot, recreational, or student
pilot certificate prior to enrolling in the
flight portion of a combined private pilot
certification and instrument rating course.

Aeronautical knowledge training.

(a) Each approved course must include at

least 65 hours of ground training on the aero-
nautical knowledge areas listed in paragraph
(b) of this section that are appropriate to the
aircraft category and class rating of the
course:

(b) Ground training must include the fol-

lowing aeronautical knowledge areas:

(1) Applicable Federal Aviation Regula-

tions for private pilot privileges, limitations,
flight operations, and instrument flight rules
(IFR) flight operations.

(2) Accident reporting requirements of the

National Transportation Safety Board.

(3) Applicable subjects of the ‘‘Aero-

nautical Information Manual’’ and the ap-
propriate FAA advisory circulars.

(4) Aeronautical charts for visual flight

rules (VFR) navigation using pilotage, dead
reckoning, and navigation systems.

(5) Radio communication procedures.
(6) Recognition of critical weather situa-

tions from the ground and in flight,
windshear avoidance, and the procurement
and use of aeronautical weather reports and
forecasts.

(7) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft

under instrument flight rules and conditions.

(8) Collision avoidance and recognition and

avoidance of wake turbulence.

(9) Effects of density altitude on takeoff

and climb performance.

(10) Weight and balance computations.
(11) Principles of aerodynamics, power-

plants, and aircraft systems.

(12) If the course of training is for an air-

plane category, stall awareness, spin entry,
spins, and spin recovery techniques.

(13) Air traffic control system and proce-

dures for instrument flight operations.

(14) IFR navigation and approaches by use

of navigation systems.

(15) Use of IFR en route and instrument ap-

proach procedure charts.

(16) Aeronautical decision making and

judgment.

(17) Preflight action that includes—
(i) How to obtain information on runway

lengths at airports of intended use, data on
takeoff and landing distances, weather re-
ports and forecasts, and fuel requirements.

(ii) How to plan for alternatives if the

planned flight cannot be completed or delays
are encountered.

(iii) Procurement and use of aviation

weather reports and forecasts, and the ele-
ments of forecasting weather trends on the
basis of that information and personal obser-
vation of weather conditions.

Flight training.

(a) Each approved course must include at

least 70 hours of training, as described in sec-
tion 4 and section 5 of this appendix, on the
approved areas of operation listed in para-
graph (d) of section 4 of this appendix that
are appropriate to the aircraft category and
class rating of the course:

(b) Each approved course must include at

least the following flight training:

(1)

For an airplane single engine course:

hours of flight training from an authorized
instructor on the approved areas of oper-
ation in paragraph (d)(1) of this section that
includes at least—

(i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this

chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight
training in a single engine airplane.

(ii) 3 hours of night flight training in a sin-

gle-engine airplane that includes—

(A) One cross-country flight of more than

100 nautical miles total distance.

(B) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full

stop (with each landing involving a flight in
the traffic pattern) at an airport.

(iii) 35 hours of instrument flight training

in a single-engine airplane that includes at
least one cross-country flight that is per-
formed under IFR and—

(A) Is a distance of at least 250 nautical

miles along airways or air traffic control-di-
rected (ATC-directed) routing with one seg-
ment of the flight consisting of at least a
straight-line distance of 100 nautical miles
between airports.

(B) Involves an instrument approach at

each airport.

proaches with the use of navigation systems.

639

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

Pt. 141, App. M

(iv) 3 hours of flight training in a single-

engine airplane in preparation for the prac-
tical test within 60 days preceding the date
of the test.

(2)

For an airplane multiengine course:

hours of training from an authorized instruc-
tor on the approved areas of operation in
paragraph (d)(2) of this section that includes
at least—

(i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this

chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight
training in a multiengine airplane.

(ii) 3 hours of night flight training in a

multiengine airplane that includes—

(A) One cross-country flight of more than

100 nautical miles total distance.

(B) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full

stop (with each landing involving a flight in
the traffic pattern) at an airport.

(iii) 35 hours of instrument flight training

in a multiengine airplane that includes at
least one cross-country flight that is per-
formed under IFR and—

(A) Is a distance of at least 250 nautical

miles along airways or ATC-directed routing
with one segment of the flight consisting of
at least a straight-line distance of 100 nau-
tical miles between airports.

(B) Involves an instrument approach at

each airport.

proaches with the use of navigation systems.

(iv) 3 hours of flight training in a multien-

gine airplane in preparation for the practical
test within 60 days preceding the date of the
test.

(3)

For a rotorcraft helicopter course:

70 hours

of training from an authorized instructor on
the approved areas of operation in paragraph
(d)(3) of this section that includes at least—

(i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this

chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight
training in a helicopter.

(ii) 3 hours of night flight training in a hel-

icopter that includes—

(A) One cross-country flight of more than

50 nautical miles total distance.

(B) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full

stop (with each landing involving a flight in
the traffic pattern) at an airport.

(iii) 35 hours of instrument flight training

in a helicopter that includes at least one
cross-country flight that is performed under
IFR and—

(A) Is a distance of at least 100 nautical

miles along airways or ATC-directed routing
with one segment of the flight consisting of
at least a straight-line distance of 50 nau-
tical miles between airports.

(B) Involves an instrument approach at

each airport.

proaches with the use of navigation systems.

(iv) 3 hours of flight training in a heli-

copter in preparation for the practical test
within 60 days preceding the date of the test.

(4)

For a powered-lift course:

70 hours of

training from an authorized instructor on
the approved areas of operation in paragraph
(d)(4) of this section that includes at least—

(i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this

chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight
training in a powered-lift.

(ii) 3 hours of night flight training in a

powered-lift that includes—

(A) One cross-country flight of more than

100 nautical miles total distance.

(B) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full

stop (with each landing involving a flight in
the traffic pattern) at an airport.

(iii) 35 hours of instrument flight training

in a powered-lift that includes at least one
cross-country flight that is performed under
IFR and—

(A) Is a distance of at least 250 nautical

miles along airways or ATC-directed routing
with one segment of the flight consisting of
at least a straight-line distance of 100 nau-
tical miles between airports.

(B) Involves an instrument approach at

each airport.

proaches with the use of navigation systems.

(iv) 3 hours of flight training in a powered-

lift in preparation for the practical test,
within 60 days preceding the date of the test.

flight training devices:

(1) The course may include training in a

combination of full flight simulators, flight
training devices, and aviation training de-
vices, provided it is representative of the air-
craft for which the course is approved, meets
the requirements of this section, and the
training is given by an authorized instruc-
tor.

(2) Training in a full flight simulator that

meets the requirements of § 141.41(a) may be
credited for a maximum of 35 percent of the
total flight training hour requirements of
the approved course, or of this section,
whichever is less.

(3) Training in a flight training device that

meets the requirements of § 141.41(a) or an
aviation training device that meets the re-
quirements of § 141.41(b) may be credited for
a maximum of 25 percent of the total flight
training hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.

(4) Training in a combination of flight sim-

ulators, flight training devices, or aviation
training devices, described in paragraphs
(c)(2) and (3) of this section, may be credited
for a maximum of 35 percent of the total
flight training hour requirements of the ap-
proved course, or of this section, whichever
is less. However, credit for training in a
flight training device and aviation training
device, that meets the requirements of
§ 141.41(b), cannot exceed the limitation pro-
vided for in paragraph (c)(3) of this section.

640

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

Pt. 141, App. M

(d) Each approved course must include the

flight training on the approved areas of oper-
ation listed in this section that are appro-
priate to the aircraft category and class rat-
ing course—

(1)

For a combined private pilot certification

and instrument rating course involving a single-
engine airplane:

(i) Preflight preparation.
(ii) Preflight procedures.
(iii) Airport and seaplane base operations.
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds.
(v) Performance maneuvers.
(vi) Ground reference maneuvers.
(vii) Navigation and navigation systems.
(viii) Slow flight and stalls.
(ix) Basic instrument maneuvers and flight

by reference to instruments.

(x) Instrument approach procedures.
(xi) Air traffic control clearances and pro-

cedures.

(xii) Emergency operations.
(xiii) Night operations.
(xiv) Postflight procedures.
(2)

For a combined private pilot certification

and instrument rating course involving a multi-
engine airplane:

by reference to instruments.

(x) Instrument approach procedures.
(xi) Air traffic control clearances and pro-

cedures.

(xii) Emergency operations.
(xiii) Multiengine operations.
(xiv) Night operations.
(xv) Postflight procedures.
(3)

For a combined private pilot certification

and instrument rating course involving a rotor-
craft helicopter:

(i) Preflight preparation.
(ii) Preflight procedures.
(iii) Airport and heliport operations.
(iv) Hovering maneuvers.
(v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds.
(vi) Performance maneuvers.
(vii) Navigation and navigation systems.
(viii) Basic instrument maneuvers and

flight by reference to instruments.

(ix) Instrument approach procedures.
(x) Air traffic control clearances and pro-

cedures.

(xi) Emergency operations.
(xii) Night operations.
(xiii) Postflight procedures.
(4)

For a combined private pilot certification

and instrument rating course involving a pow-
ered-lift:

(i) Preflight preparation.
(ii) Preflight procedures.

(iii) Airport and heliport operations.
(iv) Hovering maneuvers.
(v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds.
(vi) Performance maneuvers.
(vii) Ground reference maneuvers.
(viii) Navigation and navigation systems.
(ix) Slow flight and stalls.
(x) Basic instrument maneuvers and flight

by reference to instruments.

(xi) Instrument approach procedures.
(xii) Air traffic control clearances and pro-

cedures.

(xiii) Emergency operations.
(xiv) Night operations.
(xv) Postflight procedures.
5.

Solo flight training.

Each approved course

must include at least the following solo
flight training:

(a)

For a combined private pilot certification

and instrument rating course involving an air-
plane single engine:

Five hours of flying solo

in a single-engine airplane on the appro-
priate areas of operation in paragraph (d)(1)
of section 4 of this appendix that includes at
least—

(1) One solo cross-country flight of at least

100 nautical miles with landings at a min-
imum of three points, and one segment of
the flight consisting of a straight-line dis-
tance of at least 50 nautical miles between
the takeoff and landing locations.

(2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a

full stop (with each landing involving a
flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport
with an operating control tower.

(b)

For a combined private pilot certification

and instrument rating course involving an air-
plane multiengine:

Five hours of flying solo in

a multiengine airplane or 5 hours of per-
forming the duties of a pilot in command
while under the supervision of an authorized
instructor. The training must consist of the
appropriate areas of operation in paragraph
(d)(2) of section 4 of this appendix, and in-
clude at least—

(1) One cross-country flight of at least 100

nautical miles with landings at a minimum
of three points, and one segment of the flight
consisting of a straight-line distance of at
least 50 nautical miles between the takeoff
and landing locations.

(2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a

full stop (with each landing involving a
flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport
with an operating control tower.

(c)

For a combined private pilot certification

and instrument rating course involving a heli-
copter:

Five hours of flying solo in a heli-

copter on the appropriate areas of operation
in paragraph (d)(3) of section 4 of this appen-
dix that includes at least—

(1) One solo cross-country flight of more

than 50 nautical miles with landings at a
minimum of three points, and one segment
of the flight consisting of a straight-line dis-
tance of at least 25 nautical miles between
the takeoff and landing locations.

641

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

§ 142.1

(2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a

full stop (with each landing involving a
flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport
with an operating control tower.

(d)

For a combined private pilot certification

and instrument rating course involving a pow-
ered-lift:

Five hours of flying solo in a pow-

ered-lift on the appropriate areas of oper-
ation in paragraph (d)(4) of section 4 of this
appendix that includes at least—

(1) One solo cross-country flight of at least

(2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a

full stop (with each landing involving a
flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport
with an operating control tower.

Stage checks and end-of-course tests.

(a) Each student enrolled in a private pilot

course must satisfactorily accomplish the
stage checks and end-of-course tests in ac-
cordance with the school’s approved training
course that consists of the approved areas of
operation listed in paragraph (d) of section 4
of this appendix that are appropriate to the
aircraft category and class rating for which
the course applies.

(b) Each student must demonstrate satis-

factory proficiency prior to receiving an en-
dorsement to operate an aircraft in solo
flight.

[Doc. No. FAA–2008–0938, 76 FR 54108, Aug. 31,
2011, as amended by Docket FAA–2015–1846,
Amdt. 141–18, 81 FR 21462, Apr. 12, 2016]

PART 142—TRAINING CENTERS

Subpart A—General

Sec.
142.1

Applicability.

142.3

Definitions.

142.5

Certificate and training specifications

required.

142.7

Duration of a certificate.

142.9

Deviations or waivers.

142.11

Application for issuance or amend-

ment.

142.13

Management and personnel require-

ments.

142.14

Employment of former FAA employ-

ees.

142.15

Facilities.

142.17

Satellite training centers.

142.21–142.25

[Reserved]

142.27

Display of certificate.

142.29

Inspections.

142.31

Advertising limitations.

142.33

Training agreements.

Subpart B—Aircrew Curriculum and

Syllabus Requirements

142.35

Applicability.

142.37

Approval of flight aircrew training

program.

142.39

Training program curriculum re-

quirements.

Subpart C—Personnel and Flight Training

Equipment Requirements

142.45

Applicability.

142.47

Training center instructor eligibility

requirements.

142.49

Training center instructor and eval-

uator privileges and limitations.

142.51

[Reserved]

142.53

Training center instructor training

and testing requirements.

142.54

Airline transport pilot certification

training program.

142.55

Training center evaluator require-

ments.

142.57

Aircraft requirements.

142.59

Flight simulators and flight training

devices.

Subpart D—Operating Rules

142.61

Applicability.

142.63

Privileges.

142.65

Limitations.

Subpart E—Recordkeeping

142.71

Applicability.

142.73

Recordkeeping requirements.

Subpart F—Other Approved Courses

142.81

Conduct of other approved courses.

UTHORITY

: 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 106(g), 40113,

40119, 44101, 44701–44703, 44705, 44707, 44709–
44711, 45102–45103, 45301–45302.

OURCE

: Docket No. 26933, 61 FR 34562, July

2, 1996, unless otherwise noted.

Subpart A—General

§ 142.1 Applicability.

(a) This subpart prescribes the re-

quirements governing the certification
and operation of training centers. Ex-
cept as provided in paragraph (b) of
this section, this part provides an al-
ternative means to accomplish train-
ing required by parts 61, 63, 65, 91, 121,
125, 135, or 137 of this chapter.

(b) Certification under this part is

not required for training that is—

(1) Approved under the provisions of

parts 63, 91, 121, 127, 135, or 137 of this
chapter;