title-14-part-23-sec23-2005

178

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

§ 23.1529

flight data recorder without jeopard-
izing service to essential or emergency
loads;

(ii) It remains powered for as long as

possible without jeopardizing emer-
gency operation of the airplane;

(4) There is an aural or visual means

for preflight checking of the recorder
for proper recording of data in the stor-
age medium;

(5) Except for recorders powered sole-

ly by the engine-driven electrical gen-
erator system, there is an automatic
means to simultaneously stop a re-
corder that has a data erasure feature
and prevent each erasure feature from
functioning, within 10 minutes after
crash impact;

(6) Any single electrical failure exter-

nal to the recorder does not disable
both the cockpit voice recorder and the
flight data recorder; and

(7) It is in a separate container from

the cockpit voice recorder when both
are required. If used to comply with
only the flight data recorder require-
ments, a combination unit may be in-
stalled. If a combination unit is in-
stalled as a cockpit voice recorder to
comply with § 23.1457(e)(2), a combina-
tion unit must be used to comply with
this flight data recorder requirement.

(b) Each non-ejectable record con-

tainer must be located and mounted so
as to minimize the probability of con-
tainer rupture resulting from crash im-
pact and subsequent damage to the
record from fire. In meeting this re-
quirement, the record container must
be located as far aft as practicable, but
need not be aft of the pressurized com-
partment, and may not be where aft-
mounted engines may crush the con-
tainer upon impact.

between the flight recorder readings of
airspeed, altitude, and heading and the
corresponding readings (taking into ac-
count correction factors) of the first pi-
lot’s instruments. The correlation
must cover the airspeed range over
which the airplane is to be operated,
the range of altitude to which the air-
plane is limited, and 360 degrees of
heading. Correlation may be estab-
lished on the ground as appropriate.

(d) Each recorder container must—
(1) Be either bright orange or bright

yellow;

(2) Have reflective tape affixed to its

external surface to facilitate its loca-
tion under water; and

(3) Have an underwater locating de-

vice, when required by the operating
rules of this chapter, on or adjacent to
the container, which is secured in such
a manner that they are not likely to be
separated during crash impact.

(e) Any novel or unique design or

operational characteristics of the air-
craft shall be evaluated to determine if
any dedicated parameters must be re-
corded on flight recorders in addition
to or in place of existing requirements.

§ 23.1529

Instructions for continued

airworthiness.

The applicant must prepare Instruc-

tions for Continued Airworthiness, in
accordance with appendix A of this
part, that are acceptable to the Admin-
istrator. The instructions may be in-
complete at type certification if a pro-
gram exists to ensure their completion
prior to delivery of the first airplane or
issuance of a standard certificate of
airworthiness, whichever occurs later.

Subpart A—General

§ 23.2000

Applicability and definitions.

(a) This part prescribes airworthiness

standards for the issuance of type cer-
tificates, and changes to those certifi-
cates, for airplanes in the normal cat-
egory.

(b) For the purposes of this part, the

following definition applies:

Continued safe flight and landing

means an airplane is capable of contin-
ued controlled flight and landing, pos-
sibly using emergency procedures,
without requiring exceptional pilot
skill or strength. Upon landing, some
airplane damage may occur as a result
of a failure condition.

§ 23.2005

Certification of normal cat-

egory airplanes.

(a) Certification in the normal cat-

egory applies to airplanes with a pas-
senger-seating configuration of 19 or
less and a maximum certificated take-
off weight of 19,000 pounds or less.

(b) Airplane certification levels are:
(1) Level 1—for airplanes with a max-

imum seating configuration of 0 to 1
passengers.

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§ 23.2115

(2) Level 2—for airplanes with a max-

imum seating configuration of 2 to 6
passengers.

(3) Level 3—for airplanes with a max-

imum seating configuration of 7 to 9
passengers.

(4) Level 4—for airplanes with a max-

imum seating configuration of 10 to 19
passengers.

and V

≤

250 Knots Calibrated

Airspeed (KCAS) and a M

≤

0.6.

(2) High speed—for airplanes with a

or V

> 250 KCAS or a M

> 0.6.

(d) Airplanes not certified for aero-

batics may be used to perform any ma-
neuver incident to normal flying, in-
cluding—

(1) Stalls (except whip stalls); and
(2) Lazy eights, chandelles, and steep

turns, in which the angle of bank is not
more than 60 degrees.

(e) Airplanes certified for aerobatics

may be used to perform maneuvers
without limitations, other than those
limitations established under subpart
G of this part.

§ 23.2010

Accepted means of compli-

ance.

(a) An applicant must comply with

this part using a means of compliance,
which may include consensus stand-
ards, accepted by the Administrator.

(b) An applicant requesting accept-

ance of a means of compliance must
provide the means of compliance to the
FAA in a form and manner acceptable
to the Administrator.

Subpart B—Flight

ERFORMANCE

§ 23.2100

Weight and center of gravity.

(a) The applicant must determine

limits for weights and centers of grav-
ity that provide for the safe operation
of the airplane.

(b) The applicant must comply with

each requirement of this subpart at
critical combinations of weight and
center of gravity within the airplane’s
range of loading conditions using toler-
ances acceptable to the Administrator.

the time of determining its empty

weight and center of gravity must be
well defined and easily repeatable.

§ 23.2105

Performance data.

(a) Unless otherwise prescribed, an

airplane must meet the performance
requirements of this subpart in—

(1) Still air and standard atmospheric

conditions at sea level for all airplanes;
and

(2) Ambient atmospheric conditions

within the operating envelope for lev-
els 1 and 2 high-speed and levels 3 and
4 airplanes.

(b) Unless otherwise prescribed, the

applicant must develop the perform-
ance data required by this subpart for
the following conditions:

(1) Airport altitudes from sea level to

10,000 feet (3,048 meters); and

(2) Temperatures above and below

standard day temperature that are
within the range of operating limita-
tions, if those temperatures could have
a negative effect on performance.

mining takeoff and landing distances
must be executable consistently by pi-
lots of average skill in atmospheric
conditions expected to be encountered
in service.

(d) Performance data determined in

accordance with paragraph (b) of this
section must account for losses due to
atmospheric conditions, cooling needs,
and other demands on power sources.

§ 23.2110

Stall speed.

The applicant must determine the

airplane stall speed or the minimum
steady flight speed for each flight con-
figuration used in normal operations,
including takeoff, climb, cruise, de-
scent, approach, and landing. The stall
speed or minimum steady flight speed
determination must account for the
most adverse conditions for each flight
configuration with power set at—

(a) Idle or zero thrust for propulsion

systems that are used primarily for
thrust; and

(b) A nominal thrust for propulsion

systems that are used for thrust, flight
control, and/or high-lift systems.