Volume: 1Date: 2023-01-01Original Date: 2023-01-01Title: Section 25.107 - Takeoff speeds.Context:
Title 14 - Aeronautics and Space. CHAPTER I - FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION. SUBCHAPTER C - AIRCRAFT. PART 25 - AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES. Subpart B - Flight. - Performance.
§ 25.107Takeoff speeds.
(a) V
1
must be established in relation to V
EF
as follows:
(1) V
EF
is the calibrated airspeed at which the critical engine is assumed to fail. V
EF
must be selected by the applicant, but may not be less than V
MCG
determined under § 25.149(e).
(2) V
1
, in terms of calibrated airspeed, is selected by the applicant; however, V
1
may not be less than V
EF
plus the speed gained with critical engine inoperative during the time interval between the instant at which the critical engine is failed, and the instant at which the pilot recognizes and reacts to the engine failure, as indicated by the pilot's initiation of the first action (e.g., applying brakes, reducing thrust, deploying speed brakes) to stop the airplane during accelerate-stop tests.
(b)
V2MIN,
in terms of calibrated airspeed, may not be less than—
(1) 1.13
VSR
for—
(i) Two-engine and three-engine turbopropeller and reciprocating engine powered airplanes; and(ii) Turbojet powered airplanes without provisions for obtaining a significant reduction in the one-engine-inoperative power-on stall speed;
(2) 1.08
VSR
for—
(i) Turbopropeller and reciprocating engine powered airplanes with more than three engines; and(ii) Turbojet powered airplanes with provisions for obtaining a significant reduction in the one-engine-inoperative power-on stall speed; and
(3) 1.10 times
VMC
established under § 25.149.
(c)
V2
, in terms of calibrated airspeed, must be selected by the applicant to provide at least the gradient of climb required by § 25.121(b) but may not be less than—
(1) V
2MIN
;
(2)
VR
plus the speed increment attained (in accordance with § 25.111(c)(2)) before reaching a height of 35 feet above the takeoff surface; and
(3) A speed that provides the maneuvering capability specified in § 25.143(h).
(d) V
MU
is the calibrated airspeed at and above which the airplane can safely lift off the ground, and con- tinue the takeoff. V
MU
speeds must be selected by the applicant throughout the range of thrust-to-weight ratios to be certificated. These speeds may be established from free air data if these data are verified by ground takeoff tests.
(e)
VR,
in terms of calibrated airspeed, must be selected in accordance with the conditions of paragraphs (e)(1) through (4) of this section:
(1)
VR
may not be less than—
(i)
V1
;
(ii) 105 percent of
VMC
;
(iii) The speed (determined in accordance with § 25.111(c)(2)) that allows reaching
V2
before reaching a height of 35 feet above the takeoff surface; or
(iv) A speed that, if the airplane is rotated at its maximum practicable rate, will result in a V
LOF
of not less than —
Code of Federal Regulations /
Title 14 - Aeronautics and Space /
Vol. 1 / 2023-01-01211
(A) 110 percent of V
MU
in the all-engines-operating condition, and 105 percent of V
MU
determined at the thrust-to-weight ratio corresponding to the one-engine-inoperative condition; or
(B) If the V
MU
attitude is limited by the geometry of the airplane (
i.e.,
tail contact with the runway), 108 percent of V
MU
in the all-engines-operating condition, and 104 percent of V
MU
determined at the thrust-to-weight ratio corresponding to the one-engine-inoperative condition.
(2) For any given set of conditions (such as weight, configuration, and temperature), a single value of
VR,
obtained in accordance with this paragraph, must be used to show compliance with both the one-engine-inoperative and the all-engines-operating takeoff provisions.
(3) It must be shown that the one-engine-inoperative takeoff distance, using a rotation speed of 5 knots less than
VR
established in accordance with paragraphs (e)(1) and (2) of this section, does not exceed the corresponding one-engine-inoperative takeoff distance using the established
VR
. The takeoff distances must be determined in accordance with § 25.113(a)(1).
(4) Reasonably expected variations in service from the established takeoff procedures for the operation of the airplane (such as over-rotation of the airplane and out-of-trim conditions) may not result in unsafe flight characteristics or in marked increases in the scheduled takeoff distances established in accordance with § 25.113(a).
(f)
VLOF
is the calibrated airspeed at which the airplane first becomes airborne.
(g)
VFTO
, in terms of calibrated airspeed, must be selected by the applicant to provide at least the gradient of climb required by § 25.121(c), but may not be less than—
(1) 1.18
VSR
; and
(2) A speed that provides the maneuvering capability specified in § 25.143(h).
(h) In determining the takeoff speeds V
1
, V
R
, and V
2
for flight in icing conditions, the values of V
MCG
, V
MC
, and V
MU
determined for non-icing conditions may be used.