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862 

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition) 

Pt. 45 

that include the optional high RF peak out-
put power, verify that the minimum RF peak 
output power is at least 21.0 dbw (125 watts). 

(iv) For Classes 1B, 2B, and 3B Mode S 

transponders, verify that the minimum RF 
peak output power is at least 18.5 dbw (70 
watts). 

(v) For any class of ATCRBS or any class 

of Mode S transponders, verify that the max-
imum RF peak output power does not exceed 
27.0 dbw (500 watts). 

N

OTE

: The tests in (e) through (j) apply 

only to Mode S transponders. 

(e) Mode S Diversity Transmission Channel 

Isolation: For any class of Mode S trans-
ponder that incorporates diversity operation, 
verify that the RF peak output power trans-
mitted from the selected antenna exceeds 
the power transmitted from the nonselected 
antenna by at least 20 db. 

(f) Mode S Address: Interrogate the Mode S 

transponder and verify that it replies only to 
its assigned address. Use the correct address 
and at least two incorrect addresses. The in-
terrogations should be made at a nominal 
rate of 50 interrogations per second. 

(g) Mode S Formats: Interrogate the Mode 

S transponder with uplink formats (UF) for 
which it is equipped and verify that the re-
plies are made in the correct format. Use the 
surveillance formats UF = 4 and 5. Verify 
that the altitude reported in the replies to 
UF = 4 are the same as that reported in a 
valid ATCRBS Mode C reply. Verify that the 
identity reported in the replies to UF = 5 are 
the same as that reported in a valid ATCRBS 
Mode 3/A reply. If the transponder is so 
equipped, use the communication formats 
UF = 20, 21, and 24. 

(h) Mode S All-Call Interrogations: Inter-

rogate the Mode S transponder with the 
Mode S-only all-call format UF = 11 and 
verify that the correct address and capa-
bility are reported in the replies (downlink 
format DF = 11). 

(i) ATCRBS-Only All-Call Interrogation: 

Interrogate the Mode S transponder with the 
ATCRBS-only all-call interrogation (0.8 
microsecond P

4

pulse) and verify that no 

reply is generated. 

(j) Squitter: Verify that the Mode S trans-

ponder generates a correct acquisition 
squitter approximately once per second. 

(k) Records: Comply with the provisions of 

§ 43.9 of this chapter as to content, form, and 
disposition of the records. 

[Amdt. 43–26, 52 FR 3390, Feb. 3, 1987; 52 FR 
6651, Mar. 4, 1987, as amended by Amdt. 43–31, 
54 FR 34330, Aug. 18, 1989; Amdt. 43–53, 88 FR 
71476, Oct. 17, 2023] 

PART 45—IDENTIFICATION AND 

REGISTRATION MARKING 

Subpart A—General 

Sec. 
45.1

Applicability. 

Subpart B—Marking of Products and 

Articles 

45.10

Marking. 

45.11

Marking of products. 

45.13

Identification data. 

45.15

Marking requirements for PMA arti-

cles, TSO articles, and Critical parts. 

45.16

Marking of life-limited parts. 

Subpart C—Nationality and Registration 

Marks 

45.21

General. 

45.22

Exhibition, antique, and other air-

craft: Special rules. 

45.23

Display of marks; general. 

45.25

Location of marks on fixed-wing air-

craft. 

45.27

Location of marks; nonfixed-wing air-

craft. 

45.29

Size of marks. 

45.31

Marking of export aircraft. 

45.33

Sale of aircraft; removal of marks. 

A

UTHORITY

: 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 106(g), 40103, 

40113–40114, 44101–44105, 44107–44111, 44504, 
44701, 44708–44709, 44711–44713, 44725, 45302– 
45303, 46104, 46304, 46306, 47122. 

S

OURCE

: Docket No. 2047, 29 FR 3223, Mar. 

11, 1964, unless otherwise noted. 

E

DITORIAL

N

OTE

: Nomenclature changes to 

part 45 appear at 74 FR 53394, Oct. 16, 2009. 

Subpart A—General 

§ 45.1

Applicability. 

This part prescribes the requirements 

for— 

(a) Marking products and articles 

manufactured under— 

(1) A type certificate; 
(2) A production approval as defined 

under part 21 of this chapter; and 

(3) The provisions of an agreement 

between the United States and another 
country or jurisdiction for the accept-
ance of products and articles; and 

(b) Nationality and registration 

marking of aircraft registered in the 

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Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 

§ 45.11 

United States in accordance with part 
47. 

[Doc. No. 2047, 29 FR 3223, Mar. 11, 1964, as 
amended by Amdt. 45–3, 32 FR 188, Jan. 10, 
1967; Amdt. 45–26, 74 FR 53394, Oct. 16, 2009; 
Doc. No. FAA–2015–7396, Amdt. 45–30, 80 FR 
78645, Dec. 16, 2015] 

Subpart B—Marking of Products 

and Articles 

§ 45.10

Marking. 

No person may mark a product or ar-

ticle in accordance with this subpart 
unless— 

(a) That person produced the product 

or article — 

(1) Under part 21, subpart F, G, K, or 

O of this chapter; or 

(2) For export to the United States 

under the provisions of an agreement 
between the United States and another 
country or jurisdiction for the accept-
ance of products and articles; and 

(b) That product or article conforms 

to its approved design, and is in a con-
dition for safe operation; and, for a 
TSO article; that TSO article meets 
the applicable performance standards. 

[Doc. No. FAA–2006–25877, Amdt. 45–26, 74 FR 
53394, Oct. 16, 2009] 

§ 45.11

Marking of products. 

(a) 

Aircraft.  A manufacturer of air-

craft covered under § 21.182 of this chap-
ter must mark each aircraft by attach-
ing a fireproof identification plate 
that— 

(1) Includes the information specified 

in § 45.13 using an approved method of 
fireproof marking; 

(2) Must be secured in such a manner 

that it will not likely be defaced or re-
moved during normal service, or lost or 
destroyed in an accident; and 

(3) Except as provided in paragraphs 

(d) through (h) of this section, must be 
secured to the aircraft fuselage exte-
rior so that it is legible to a person on 
the ground, and must be either adja-
cent to and aft of the rear-most en-
trance door or on the fuselage surface 
near the tail surfaces. 

(b) 

Aircraft engines. A manufacturer 

of an aircraft engine produced under a 
type certificate or production certifi-
cate must mark each engine by attach-

ing a fireproof identification plate. 
Such plate— 

(1) Must include the information 

specified in § 45.13 using an approved 
method of fireproof marking; 

(2) Must be affixed to the engine at 

an accessible location; and 

(3) Must be secured in such a manner 

that it will not likely be defaced or re-
moved during normal service, or lost or 
destroyed in an accident. 

(c) 

Propellers and propeller blades and 

hubs.  Each person who produces a pro-
peller, propeller blade, or propeller hub 
under a type certificate or production 
certificate must mark each product or 
part. Except for a fixed-pitch wooden 
propeller, the marking must be accom-
plished using an approved fireproof 
method. The marking must— 

(1) Be placed on a non-critical sur-

face; 

(2) Contain the information specified 

in § 45.13; 

(3) Not likely be defaced or removed 

during normal service; and 

(4) Not likely be lost or destroyed in 

an accident. 

(d) 

Manned free balloons. A manufac-

turer of manned free balloons must 
mark each balloon by attaching the 
identification plate described in para-
graph (a) of this section. The plate 
must be secured to the balloon enve-
lope and must be located, if prac-
ticable, where it is legible to the oper-
ator when the balloon is inflated. In 
addition, the basket and heater assem-
bly must be permanently and legibly 
marked with the manufacturer’s name, 
part number (or equivalent), and serial 
number (or equivalent). 

(e) 

Aircraft manufactured before March 

7, 1988. The owner or operator of an air-
craft manufactured before March 7, 
1988 must mark the aircraft by attach-
ing the identification plate required by 
paragraph (a) of this section. The plate 
must be secured at an accessible exte-
rior or interior location near an en-
trance, if the model designation and 
builder’s serial number are also dis-
played on the exterior of the aircraft 
fuselage. The model designation and 
builder’s serial number must be— 

(1) Legible to a person on the ground, 
(2) Located either adjacent to and aft 

of the rear-most entrance door or on 
the fuselage near the tail surfaces, and 

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864 

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition) 

§ 45.13 

(3) Displayed in such a manner that 

they are not likely to be defaced or re-
moved during normal service. 

(f) For powered parachutes and 

weight-shift-control aircraft, the iden-
tification plate required by paragraph 
(a) of this section must be secured to 
the exterior of the aircraft fuselage so 
that it is legible to a person on the 
ground. 

(g) The identification plate described 

in paragraph (a) of this section may be 
secured to the aircraft at an accessible 
location near an entrance for— 

(1) Aircraft produced for— 
(i) Operations under part 121 of this 

chapter, 

(ii) Commuter operations (as defined 

in § 110.2 of this chapter), or 

(iii) Export. 
(2) Aircraft operating under part 121 

of this chapter and under an FAA-ap-
proved continuous airworthiness main-
tenance program; or 

(3) Aircraft operating in commuter 

air carrier operations (as defined in 
§ 110.2 of this chapter) under an FAA- 
approved continuous airworthiness 
maintenance program. 

(h) 

Gliders.  Paragraphs (a)(3) and (e) 

of this section do not apply to gliders. 

[Amdt. 45–26, 74 FR 53394, Oct. 16, 2009, as 
amended by Amdt. 45–27, 76 FR 7486, Feb. 10, 
2011; Doc. No. FAA–2013–0933, Amdt. 21–98, 80 
FR 59031, Oct. 1, 2015, as amended by Amdt. 
21–98A, 80 FR 59031, Dec. 17, 2015] 

§ 45.13

Identification data. 

(a) The identification required by 

§ 45.11 (a) through (c) must include the 
following information: 

(1) Builder’s name. 
(2) Model designation. 
(3) Builder’s serial number. 
(4) Type certificate number, if any. 
(5) Production certificate number, if 

any. 

(6) For aircraft engines, the estab-

lished rating. 

(7) On or after January 1, 1984, for 

aircraft engines specified in part 34 of 
this chapter, the date of manufacture 
as defined in § 34.1 of this chapter, and 
a designation, approved by the FAA, 
that indicates compliance with the ap-
plicable exhaust emission provisions of 
part 34 of this chapter and 40 CFR part 
87. Approved designations include 
COMPLY, EXEMPT, and NON–US, as 

appropriate. After December 31, 2012, 
approved designations also include EX-
EMPT NEW, and EXCEPTED SPARE, 
as appropriate. 

(i) The designation COMPLY indi-

cates that the engine is in compliance 
with all of the applicable exhaust emis-
sions provisions of part 34. For any en-
gine with a rated thrust in excess of 
26.7 kilonewtons (6000 pounds) which is 
not used or intended for use in com-
mercial operations and which is in 
compliance with the applicable provi-
sions of part 34, but does not comply 
with the hydrocarbon emissions stand-
ard of § 34.21(d), the statement ‘‘May 
not be used as a commercial aircraft 
engine’’ must be noted in the perma-
nent powerplant record that accom-
panies the engine at the time of manu-
facture of the engine. 

(ii) The designation EXEMPT indi-

cates that the engine has been granted 
an exemption pursuant to the applica-
ble provision of § 34.7 (a)(1), (a)(4), (b), 
(c), or (d), and an indication of the type 
of exemption and the reason for the 
grant must be noted in the permanent 
powerplant record that accompanies 
the engine from the time of manufac-
ture of the engine. 

(iii) The designation NON-US indi-

cates that the engine has been granted 
an exemption pursuant to § 34.7(a)(1), 
and the notation ‘‘This aircraft may 
not be operated within the United 
States’’, or an equivalent notation ap-
proved by the FAA, must be inserted in 
the aircraft logbook, or alternate 
equivalent document, at the time of in-
stallation of the engine. 

(iv) The designation EXEMPT NEW 

indicates that the engine has been 
granted an exemption pursuant to the 
applicable provision of § 34.7(h) of this 
chapter; the designation must be noted 
in the permanent powerplant record 
that accompanies the engine from the 
time of its manufacture. 

(v) The designation EXCEPTED 

SPARE indicates that the engine has 
been excepted pursuant to the applica-
ble provision of § 34.9(b) of this chapter; 
the designation must be noted in the 
permanent powerplant record that ac-
companies the engine from the time of 
its manufacture. 

(8) Any other information the FAA 

finds appropriate. 

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Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 

§ 45.21 

(b) Except as provided in paragraph 

(d)(1) of this section, no person may re-
move, change, or place identification 
information required by paragraph (a) 
of this section, on any aircraft, aircraft 
engine, propeller, propeller blade, or 
propeller hub, without the approval of 
the FAA. 

(c) Except as provided in paragraph 

(d)(2) of this section, no person may re-
move or install any identification plate 
required by § 45.11, without the ap-
proval of the FAA. 

(d) Persons performing work under 

the provisions of Part 43 of this chapter 
may, in accordance with methods, 
techniques, and practices acceptable to 
the FAA— 

(1) Remove, change, or place the 

identification information required by 
paragraph (a) of this section on any 
aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, pro-
peller blade, or propeller hub; or 

(2) Remove an identification plate re-

quired by § 45.11 when necessary during 
maintenance operations. 

(e) No person may install an identi-

fication plate removed in accordance 
with paragraph (d)(2) of this section on 
any aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, 
propeller blade, or propeller hub other 
than the one from which it was re-
moved. 

[Amdt. 45–3, 32 FR 188, Jan. 10, 1967, as 
amended by Amdt. 45–10, 44 FR 45379, Aug. 2, 
1979; Amdt. 45–12, 45 FR 60183, Sept. 11, 1980; 
Amdt. 45–20, 55 FR 32861, Aug. 10, 1990; 55 FR 
37287, Sept. 10, 1990; Amdt. 45–26, 74 FR 53395, 
Oct. 16, 2009; Amdt. 45–28, 77 FR 76854, Dec. 31, 
2012] 

§ 45.15

Marking requirements for PMA 

articles, TSO articles, and Critical 
parts. 

(a) 

PMA articles. The manufacturer of 

a PMA article must permanently and 
legibly mark— 

(1) Each PMA article, with the PMA 

holder’s name, trademark, symbol, or 
other FAA approved identification and 
part number; and 

(2) The letters ‘‘FAA–PMA’’. 
(b) 

TSO articles. The manufacturer of 

a TSO article must permanently and 
legibly mark — 

(1) Each TSO article with the TSO 

holder’s name, trademark, symbol, or 
other FAA approved identification and 
part number; and 

(2) Each TSO article, unless other-

wise specified in the applicable TSO, 
with the TSO number and letter of des-
ignation, all markings specifically re-
quired by the applicable TSO, and the 
serial number or the date of manufac-
ture of the article or both. 

(c) 

Critical parts. Each person who 

manufactures a part for which a re-
placement time, inspection interval, or 
related procedure is specified in the 
Airworthiness Limitations section of a 
manufacturer’s maintenance manual or 
Instructions for Continued Airworthi-
ness must permanently and legibly 
mark that part with a serial number 
(or equivalent) unique to that part in 
addition to the other applicable re-
quirements of this section. 

(d) If the FAA finds a part or article 

is too small or otherwise impractical 
to mark with any of the information 
required by this part, the manufacturer 
must attach that information to the 
part or its container. 

[Doc. No. FAA–2006–25877, 74 FR 53395, Oct. 
16, 2009] 

§ 45.16

Marking of life-limited parts. 

When requested by a person required 

to comply with § 43.10 of this chapter, 
the holder of a type certificate or de-
sign approval for a life-limited part 
must provide marking instructions, or 
must state that the part cannot be 
practicably marked without compro-
mising its integrity. 

[Doc. No. FAA–200–8017, 67 FR 2110, Jan. 15, 
2002, as amended by Amdt. 45–26, 74 FR 53395, 
Oct. 16, 2009] 

Subpart C—Nationality and 

Registration Marks 

§ 45.21

General. 

(a) Except as provided in § 45.22, no 

person may operate a U.S.-registered 
aircraft unless that aircraft displays 
nationality and registration marks in 
accordance with the requirements of 
this section and §§ 45.23 through 45.33. 

(b) Unless otherwise authorized by 

the FAA, no person may place on any 
aircraft a design, mark, or symbol that 
modifies or confuses the nationality 
and registration marks. 

(c) Aircraft nationality and registra-

tion marks must— 

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14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition) 

§ 45.22 

(1) Except as provided in paragraph 

(d) of this section, be painted on the 
aircraft or affixed by any other means 
insuring a similar degree of perma-
nence; 

(2) Have no ornamentation; 
(3) Contrast in color with the back-

ground; and 

(4) Be legible. 
(d) The aircraft nationality and reg-

istration marks may be affixed to an 
aircraft with readily removable mate-
rial if— 

(1) It is intended for immediate deliv-

ery to a foreign purchaser; 

(2) It is bearing a temporary registra-

tion number; or 

(3) It is marked temporarily to meet 

the requirements of § 45.22(c)(1) or 
§ 45.29(h) of this part, or both. 

[Doc. No. 8093, Amdt. 45–5, 33 FR 450, Jan. 12, 
1968, as amended by Amdt. 45–17, 52 FR 34102, 
Sept. 9, 1987] 

§ 45.22

Exhibition, antique, and other 

aircraft: Special rules. 

(a) When display of aircraft nation-

ality and registration marks in accord-
ance with §§ 45.21 and 45.23 through 45.33 
would be inconsistent with exhibition 
of that aircraft, a U.S.-registered air-
craft may be operated without dis-
playing those marks anywhere on the 
aircraft if: 

(1) It is operated for the purpose of 

exhibition, including a motion picture 
or television production, or an airshow; 

(2) Except for practice and test fights 

necessary for exhibition purposes, it is 
operated only at the location of the ex-
hibition, between the exhibition loca-
tions, and between those locations and 
the base of operations of the aircraft; 
and 

(3) For each flight in the United 

States: 

(i) It is operated with the prior ap-

proval of the responsible Flight Stand-
ards office, in the case of a flight with-
in the lateral boundaries of the surface 
areas of Class B, Class C, Class D, or 
Class E airspace designated for the 
takeoff airport, or within 4.4 nautical 
miles of that airport if it is within 
Class G airspace; or 

(ii) It is operated under a flight plan 

filed under either § 91.153 or § 91.169 of 
this chapter describing the marks it 

displays, in the case of any other 
flight. 

(b) A small U.S.-registered aircraft 

built at least 30 years ago or a U.S.- 
registered aircraft for which an experi-
mental certificate has been issued 
under § 21.191(d) or 21.191(g) for oper-
ation as an exhibition aircraft or as an 
amateur-built aircraft and which has 
the same external configuration as an 
aircraft built at least 30 years ago may 
be operated without displaying marks 
in accordance with §§ 45.21 and 45.23 
through 45.33 if: 

(1) It displays in accordance with 

§ 45.21(c) marks at least 2 inches high 
on each side of the fuselage or vertical 
tail surface consisting of the Roman 
capital letter ‘‘N’’ followed by: 

(i) The U.S. registration number of 

the aircraft; or 

(ii) The symbol appropriate to the 

airworthiness certificate of the aircraft 
(‘‘C’’, standard; ‘‘R’’, restricted; ‘‘L’’, 
limited; or ‘‘X’’, experimental) followed 
by the U.S. registration number of the 
aircraft; and 

(2) It displays no other mark that be-

gins with the letter ‘‘N’’ anywhere on 
the aircraft, unless it is the same mark 
that is displayed under paragraph (b)(1) 
of this section. 

(c) No person may operate an aircraft 

under paragraph (a) or (b) of this sec-
tion— 

(1) In an ADIZ or DEWIZ described in 

Part 99 of this chapter unless it tempo-
rarily bears marks in accordance with 
§§ 45.21 and 45.23 through 45.33; 

(2) In a foreign country unless that 

country consents to that operation; or 

(3) In any operation conducted under 

Part 121, 133, 135, or 137 of this chapter. 

(d) If, due to the configuration of an 

aircraft, it is impossible for a person to 
mark it in accordance with §§ 45.21 and 
45.23 through 45.33, he may apply to the 
FAA for a different marking procedure. 

[Doc. No. 8093, Amdt. 45–5, 33 FR 450, Jan. 12, 
1968, as amended by Amdt. 45–13, 46 FR 48603, 
Oct. 1, 1981; Amdt. 45–19, 54 FR 39291, Sept. 25, 
1989; Amdt. 45–18, 54 FR 34330, Aug. 18, 1989; 
Amdt. 45–21, 56 FR 65653, Dec. 17, 1991; Amdt. 
45–22, 66 FR 21066, Apr. 27, 2001; Doc. No. 
FAA–2018–0119, Amdt. 45–31, 83 FR 9170, Mar. 
5, 2018] 

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§ 45.29 

§ 45.23

Display of marks; general. 

(a) Each operator of an aircraft must 

display on that aircraft marks con-
sisting of the Roman capital letter ‘‘N’’ 
(denoting United States registration) 
followed by the registration number of 
the aircraft. Each suffix letter used in 
the marks displayed must also be a 
Roman capital letter. 

(b) When marks include only the 

Roman capital letter ‘‘N’’ and the reg-
istration number is displayed on lim-
ited, restricted or light-sport category 
aircraft or experimental or provision-
ally certificated aircraft, the operator 
must also display on that aircraft near 
each entrance to the cabin, cockpit, or 
pilot station, in letters not less than 2 
inches nor more than 6 inches high, the 
words ‘‘limited,’’ ‘‘restricted,’’ ‘‘light- 
sport,’’ ‘‘experimental,’’ or ‘‘provi-
sional,’’ as applicable. 

[Doc. No. 8093, Amdt. 45–5, 33 FR 450, Jan. 12, 
1968, as amended by Amdt. 45–9, 42 FR 41102, 
Aug. 15, 1977; Amdt. 45–24, 69 FR 44863, July 
27, 2004] 

§ 45.25

Location of marks on fixed- 

wing aircraft. 

(a) The operator of a fixed-wing air-

craft must display the required marks 
on either the vertical tail surfaces or 
the sides of the fuselage, except as pro-
vided in § 45.29(f). 

(b) The marks required by paragraph 

(a) of this section must be displayed as 
follows: 

(1) If displayed on the vertical tail 

surfaces, horizontally on both surfaces, 
horizontally on both surfaces of a sin-
gle vertical tail or on the outer sur-
faces of a multivertical tail. However, 
on aircraft on which marks at least 3 
inches high may be displayed in ac-
cordance with § 45.29(b)(1), the marks 
may be displayed vertically on the 
vertical tail surfaces. 

(2) If displayed on the fuselage sur-

faces, horizontally on both sides of the 
fuselage between the trailing edge of 
the wing and the leading edge of the 
horizontal stabilizer. However, if en-
gine pods or other appurtenances are 
located in this area and are an integral 
part of the fuselage side surfaces, the 
operator may place the marks on those 
pods or appurtenances. 

[Amdt. 45–9, 42 FR 41102, Aug. 15, 1977] 

§ 45.27

Location of marks; nonfixed- 

wing aircraft. 

(a) 

Rotorcraft.  Each operator of a 

rotorcraft must display on that rotor-
craft horizontally on both surfaces of 
the cabin, fuselage, boom, or tail the 
marks required by § 45.23. 

(b) 

Airships.  Each operator of an air-

ship must display on that airship the 
marks required by § 45.23, horizontally 
on— 

(1) The upper surface of the right hor-

izontal stabilizer and on the under sur-
face of the left horizontal stabilizer 
with the top of the marks toward the 
leading edge of each stabilizer; and 

(2) Each side of the bottom half of 

the vertical stabilizer. 

(c) 

Spherical balloons. Each operator 

of a spherical balloon must display the 
marks required by § 45.23 in two places 
diametrically opposite and near the 
maximum horizontal circumference of 
that balloon. 

(d) 

Nonspherical balloons. Each oper-

ator of a nonspherical balloon must 
display the marks required by § 45.23 on 
each side of the balloon near its max-
imum cross section and immediately 
above either the rigging band or the 
points of attachment of the basket or 
cabin suspension cables. 

(e) 

Powered parachutes and weight- 

shift-control aircraft. Each operator of a 
powered parachute or a weight-shift- 
control aircraft must display the 
marks required by §§ 45.23 and 
45.29(b)(2) of this part. The marks must 
be displayed in two diametrically oppo-
site positions on the fuselage, a struc-
tural member, or a component of the 
aircraft and must be visible from the 
side of the aircraft. 

[Doc. No. 2047, 29 FR 3223, Mar. 11, 1964, as 
amended by Amdt. 45–15, 48 FR 11392, Mar. 17, 
1983; Amdt. 45–24, 69 FR 44863, July 27, 2004; 
Amdt. 45–25, 72 FR 52469, Sept. 14, 2007] 

§ 45.29

Size of marks. 

(a) Except as provided in paragraph 

(f) of this section, each operator of an 
aircraft must display marks on the air-
craft meeting the size requirements of 
this section. 

(b) 

Height.  Except as provided in 

paragraph (h) of this part, the nation-
ality and registration marks must be 
of equal height and on— 

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868 

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition) 

§ 45.31 

(1) Fixed-wing aircraft, must be at 

least 12 inches high, except that: 

(i) An aircraft displaying marks at 

least 2 inches high before November 1, 
1981 and an aircraft manufactured after 
November 2, 1981, but before January 1, 
1983, may display those marks until the 
aircraft is repainted or the marks are 
repainted, restored, or changed; 

(ii) Marks at least 3 inches high may 

be displayed on a glider; 

(iii) Marks at least 3 inches high may 

be displayed on an aircraft for which 
the FAA has issued an experimental 
certificate under § 21.191 (d), § 21.191 (g), 
or § 21.191 (i) of this chapter to operate 
as an exhibition aircraft, an amateur- 
built aircraft, or a light-sport aircraft 
when the maximum cruising speed of 
the aircraft does not exceed 180 knots 
CAS; and 

(iv) Marks may be displayed on an 

exhibition, antique, or other aircraft in 
accordance with § 45.22. 

(2) Airships, spherical balloons, non-

spherical balloons, powered parachutes, 
and weight-shift-control aircraft must 
be at least 3 inches high; and 

(3) Rotorcraft, must be at least 12 

inches high, except that rotorcraft dis-
playing before April 18, 1983, marks re-
quired by § 45.29(b)(3) in effect on April 
17, 1983, and rotorcraft manufactured 
on or after April 18, 1983, but before De-
cember 31, 1983, may display those 
marks until the aircraft is repainted or 
the marks are repainted, restored, or 
changed. 

(c) 

Width.  Characters must be two- 

thirds as wide as they are high, except 
the number ‘‘1’’, which must be one- 
sixth as wide as it is high, and the let-
ters ‘‘M’’ and ‘‘W’’ which may be as 
wide as they are high. 

(d) 

Thickness.  Characters must be 

formed by solid lines one-sixth as thick 
as the character is high. 

(e) 

Spacing.  The space between each 

character may not be less than one- 
fourth of the character width. 

(f) If either one of the surfaces au-

thorized for displaying required marks 
under § 45.25 is large enough for display 
of marks meeting the size require-
ments of this section and the other is 
not, full size marks must be placed on 
the larger surface. If neither surface is 
large enough for full-size marks, marks 
as large as practicable must be dis-

played on the larger of the two sur-
faces. If no surface authorized to be 
marked by § 45.27 is large enough for 
full-size marks, marks as large as prac-
ticable must be placed on the largest of 
the authorized surfaces. However, pow-
ered parachutes and weight-shift-con-
trol aircraft must display marks at 
least 3 inches high. 

(g) 

Uniformity. The marks required by 

this part for fixed-wing aircraft must 
have the same height, width, thick-
ness, and spacing on both sides of the 
aircraft. 

(h) After March 7, 1988, each operator 

of an aircraft penetrating an ADIZ or 
DEWIZ must display on that aircraft 
temporary or permanent nationality 
and registration marks at least 12 
inches high. 

[Doc. No. 2047, 29 FR 3223, Mar. 11, 1964, as 
amended by Amdt. 45–2, 31 FR 9863, July 21, 
1966; Amdt. 45–9, 42 FR 41102, Aug. 15, 1977; 
Amdt. 45–13, 46 FR 48604, Oct. 1, 1981; Amdt. 
45–15, 48 FR 11392, Mar. 17, 1983; Amdt. 45–17, 
52 FR 34102, Sept. 9, 1987; 52 FR 36566, Sept. 
30, 1987; Amdt. 45–24, 69 FR 44863, July 27, 
2004; Amdt. 45–25, 72 FR 52469, Sept. 14, 2007] 

§ 45.31

Marking of export aircraft. 

A person who manufactures an air-

craft in the United States for delivery 
outside thereof may display on that 
aircraft any marks required by the 
State of registry of the aircraft. How-
ever, no person may operate an aircraft 
so marked within the United States, 
except for test and demonstration 
flights for a limited period of time, or 
while in necessary transit to the pur-
chaser. 

§ 45.33

Sale of aircraft; removal of 

marks. 

When an aircraft that is registered in 

the United States is sold, the holder of 
the Certificate of Aircraft Registration 
must remove, before its delivery to the 
purchaser, all United States marks 
from the aircraft, unless the purchaser 
is— 

(a) A citizen of the United States; 
(b) An individual citizen of a foreign 

country who is lawfully admitted for 
permanent residence in the United 
States; or 

(c) When the aircraft is to be based 

and primarily used in the United 

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869 

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 

§ 47.2 

States, a corporation (other than a cor-
poration which is a citizen of the 
United States) lawfully organized and 
doing business under the laws of the 
United States or any State thereof. 

[Amdt. 45–11, 44 FR 61938, Oct. 29, 1979] 

PART 47—AIRCRAFT REGISTRATION 

Subpart A—General 

Sec. 
47.1

Applicability. 

47.2

Definitions. 

47.3

Registration required. 

47.5

Applicants. 

47.7

United States citizens and resident 

aliens. 

47.8

Voting trusts. 

47.9

Corporations not U.S. citizens. 

47.11

Evidence of ownership. 

47.13

Signatures and instruments made by 

representatives. 

47.14

Serial numbers for unmanned aircraft. 

47.15

Registration number. 

47.16

Temporary registration numbers. 

47.17

Fees. 

47.19

Registry. 

Subpart B—Certificates of Aircraft 

Registration 

47.31

Application. 

47.33

Aircraft not previously registered any-

where. 

47.35

Aircraft last previously registered in 

the United States. 

47.37

Aircraft last previously registered in a 

foreign country. 

47.39

Effective date of registration. 

47.40

Registration expiration and renewal. 

47.41

Duration and return of Certificate. 

47.43

Invalid registration. 

47.45

Change of address. 

47.47

Cancellation of Certificate for export 

purpose. 

47.49

Replacement of Certificate. 

47.51

[Reserved] 

Subpart C—Dealers’ Aircraft Registration 

Certificate 

47.61

Dealer’s Aircraft Registration Certifi-

cates. 

47.63

Application. 

47.65

Eligibility. 

47.67

Evidence of ownership. 

47.69

Limitations. 

47.71

Duration of Certificate; change of sta-

tus. 

A

UTHORITY

: 4 U.S.T. 1830; Pub. L. 115–254, 

Pub. L. 108–297, 118 Stat. 1095 (49 U.S.C. 40101 
note, 49 U.S.C. 44101 note); 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 
106(g), 40113–40114, 44101–44108, 44110–44113, 
44703–44704, 44713, 45302, 46104, 46301. 

S

OURCE

: Docket No. 7190, 31 FR 4495, Mar. 

17, 1966, unless otherwise noted. 

E

DITORIAL

N

OTE

: Nomenclature changes to 

part 47 appear at 75 FR 41979, July 20, 2010. 

Subpart A—General 

§ 47.1

Applicability. 

This part prescribes the requirements 

for registering aircraft under 49 U.S.C. 
44101–44104. Subpart B applies to each 
applicant for, and holder of, a Certifi-
cate of Aircraft Registration, AC 
Form8050–3. Subpart C applies to each 
applicant for, and holder of, a Dealer’s 
Aircraft Registration Certificate, AC 
Form 8050–6. 

[Amdt. 47–29, 75 FR 41979, July 20, 2010] 

§ 47.2

Definitions. 

The following are definitions of 

terms used in this part: 

Citizen of the United States or U.S. cit-

izen means one of the following: 

(1) An individual who is a citizen of 

the United States or one of its posses-
sions. 

(2) A partnership each of whose part-

ners is an individual who is a citizen of 
the United States. 

(3) A corporation or association orga-

nized under the laws of the United 
States or a State, the District of Co-
lumbia, or a territory or possession of 
the United States, of which the presi-
dent and at least two-thirds of the 
board of directors and other managing 
officers are citizens of the United 
States, which is under the actual con-
trol of citizens of the United States, 
and in which at least 75 percent of the 
voting interest is owned or controlled 
by persons that are citizens of the 
United States. 

Registry  means the FAA, Civil Avia-

tion Registry, Aircraft Registration 
Branch. 

Resident alien means an individual 

citizen of a foreign country lawfully 
admitted for permanent residence in 
the United States as an immigrant in 
conformity with the regulations of the 
Department of Homeland Security (8 
CFR Chapter 1). 

[Doc. No. FAA–2015–7396; Amdt. 47–30, 80 FR 
78645, Dec. 16, 2015] 

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