567 

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 

§ 61.187 

are appropriate to the flight instructor 
rating sought; 

(g) Receive a logbook endorsement 

from an authorized instructor on the 
areas of operation listed in § 61.187(b) of 
this part, appropriate to the flight in-
structor rating sought; 

(h) Pass the required practical test 

that is appropriate to the flight in-
structor rating sought in an: 

(1) Aircraft that is representative of 

the category and class of aircraft for 
the aircraft rating sought; or 

(2) Flight simulator or approved 

flight training device that is represent-
ative of the category and class of air-
craft for the rating sought, and used in 
accordance with a course at a training 
center certificated under part 142 of 
this chapter. 

(i) Accomplish the following for a 

flight instructor certificate with an 
airplane or a glider rating: 

(1) Receive a logbook endorsement 

from an authorized instructor indi-
cating that the applicant is competent 
and possesses instructional proficiency 
in stall awareness, spin entry, spins, 
and spin recovery procedures after pro-
viding the applicant with flight train-
ing in those training areas in an air-
plane or glider, as appropriate, that is 
certificated for spins; and 

(2) Demonstrate instructional pro-

ficiency in stall awareness, spin entry, 
spins, and spin recovery procedures. 
However, upon presentation of the en-
dorsement specified in paragraph (i)(1) 
of this section an examiner may accept 
that endorsement as satisfactory evi-
dence of instructional proficiency in 
stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and 
spin recovery procedures for the prac-
tical test, provided that the practical 
test is not a retest as a result of the ap-
plicant failing the previous test for de-
ficiencies in the knowledge or skill of 
stall awareness, spin entry, spins, or 
spin recovery instructional procedures. 
If the retest is a result of deficiencies 
in the ability of an applicant to dem-
onstrate knowledge or skill of stall 
awareness, spin entry, spins, or spin re-
covery instructional procedures, the 
examiner must test the person on stall 
awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin 
recovery instructional procedures in an 
airplane or glider, as appropriate, that 
is certificated for spins; 

(j) Log at least 15 hours as pilot in 

command in the category and class of 
aircraft that is appropriate to the 
flight instructor rating sought; and 

(k) Comply with the appropriate sec-

tions of this part that apply to the 
flight instructor rating sought. 

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; 
Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997; 
Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21, 2009] 

§ 61.185

Aeronautical knowledge. 

(a) A person who is applying for a 

flight instructor certificate must re-
ceive and log ground training from an 
authorized instructor on: 

(1) Except as provided in paragraph 

(b) of this section, the fundamentals of 
instructing, including: 

(i) The learning process; 
(ii) Elements of effective teaching; 
(iii) Student evaluation and testing; 
(iv) Course development; 
(v) Lesson planning; and 
(vi) Classroom training techniques. 
(2) The aeronautical knowledge areas 

for a recreational, private, and com-
mercial pilot certificate applicable to 
the aircraft category for which flight 
instructor privileges are sought; and 

(3) The aeronautical knowledge areas 

for the instrument rating applicable to 
the category for which instrument 
flight instructor privileges are sought. 

(b) The following applicants do not 

need to comply with paragraph (a)(1) of 
this section: 

(1) The holder of a flight instructor 

certificate or ground instructor certifi-
cate issued under this part; 

(2) The holder of a current teacher’s 

certificate issued by a State, county, 
city, or municipality that authorizes 
the person to teach at an educational 
level of the 7th grade or higher; or 

(3) A person employed as a teacher at 

an accredited college or university. 

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; 
Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997] 

§ 61.187

Flight proficiency. 

(a) 

General.  A person who is applying 

for a flight instructor certificate must 
receive and log flight and ground train-
ing from an authorized instructor on 
the areas of operation listed in this 
section that apply to the flight instruc-
tor rating sought. The applicant’s log-
book must contain an endorsement 

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14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition) 

§ 61.187 

from an authorized instructor certi-
fying that the person is proficient to 
pass a practical test on those areas of 
operation. 

(b) 

Areas of operation. (1) For an air-

plane category rating with a single-en-
gine class rating: 

(i) Fundamentals of instructing; 
(ii) Technical subject areas; 
(iii) Preflight preparation; 
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver 

to be performed in flight; 

(v) Preflight procedures; 
(vi) Airport and seaplane base oper-

ations; 

(vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go- 

arounds; 

(viii) Fundamentals of flight; 
(ix) Performance maneuvers; 
(x) Ground reference maneuvers; 
(xi) Slow flight, stalls, and spins; 
(xii) Basic instrument maneuvers; 
(xiii) Emergency operations; and 
(xiv) Postflight procedures. 
(2) For an airplane category rating 

with a multiengine class rating: 

(i) Fundamentals of instructing; 
(ii) Technical subject areas; 
(iii) Preflight preparation; 
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver 

to be performed in flight; 

(v) Preflight procedures; 
(vi) Airport and seaplane base oper-

ations; 

(vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go- 

arounds; 

(viii) Fundamentals of flight; 
(ix) Performance maneuvers; 
(x) Ground reference maneuvers; 
(xi) Slow flight and stalls; 
(xii) Basic instrument maneuvers; 
(xiii) Emergency operations; 
(xiv) Multiengine operations; and 
(xv) Postflight procedures. 
(3) For a rotorcraft category rating 

with a helicopter class rating: 

(i) Fundamentals of instructing; 
(ii) Technical subject areas; 
(iii) Preflight preparation; 
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver 

to be performed in flight; 

(v) Preflight procedures; 
(vi) Airport and heliport operations; 
(vii) Hovering maneuvers; 
(viii) Takeoffs, landings, and go- 

arounds; 

(ix) Fundamentals of flight; 
(x) Performance maneuvers; 
(xi) Emergency operations; 

(xii) Special operations; and 
(xiii) Postflight procedures. 
(4) For a rotorcraft category rating 

with a gyroplane class rating: 

(i) Fundamentals of instructing; 
(ii) Technical subject areas; 
(iii) Preflight preparation; 
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver 

to be performed in flight; 

(v) Preflight procedures; 
(vi) Airport operations; 
(vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go- 

arounds; 

(viii) Fundamentals of flight; 
(ix) Performance maneuvers; 
(x) Flight at slow airspeeds; 
(xi) Ground reference maneuvers; 
(xii) Emergency operations; and 
(xiii) Postflight procedures. 
(5) For a powered-lift category rat-

ing: 

(i) Fundamentals of instructing; 
(ii) Technical subject areas; 
(iii) Preflight preparation; 
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver 

to be performed in flight; 

(v) Preflight procedures; 
(vi) Airport and heliport operations; 
(vii) Hovering maneuvers; 
(viii) Takeoffs, landings, and go- 

arounds; 

(ix) Fundamentals of flight; 
(x) Performance maneuvers; 
(xi) Ground reference maneuvers; 
(xii) Slow flight and stalls; 
(xiii) Basic instrument maneuvers; 
(xiv) Emergency operations; 
(xv) Special operations; and 
(xvi) Postflight procedures. 
(6) For a glider category rating: 
(i) Fundamentals of instructing; 
(ii) Technical subject areas; 
(iii) Preflight preparation; 
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver 

to be performed in flight; 

(v) Preflight procedures; 
(vi) Airport and gliderport oper-

ations; 

(vii) Launches and landings; 
(viii) Fundamentals of flight; 
(ix) Performance speeds; 
(x) Soaring techniques; 
(xi) Performance maneuvers; 
(xii) Slow flight, stalls, and spins; 
(xiii) Emergency operations; and 
(xiv) Postflight procedures. 
(7) For an instrument rating with the 

appropriate aircraft category and class 
rating: 

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Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 

§ 61.193 

(i) Fundamentals of instructing; 
(ii) Technical subject areas; 
(iii) Preflight preparation; 
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver 

to be performed in flight; 

(v) Air traffic control clearances and 

procedures; 

(vi) Flight by reference to instru-

ments; 

(vii) Navigation aids; 
(viii) Instrument approach proce-

dures; 

(ix) Emergency operations; and 
(x) Postflight procedures. 
(c) The flight training required by 

this section may be accomplished: 

(1) In an aircraft that is representa-

tive of the category and class of air-
craft for the rating sought; or 

(2) In a flight simulator or flight 

training device representative of the 
category and class of aircraft for the 
rating sought, and used in accordance 
with an approved course at a training 
center certificated under part 142 of 
this chapter. 

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; 
Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997; 
Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21, 2009] 

§ 61.189

Flight instructor records. 

(a) A flight instructor must sign the 

logbook of each person to whom that 
instructor has given flight training or 
ground training. 

(b) A flight instructor must maintain 

a record in a logbook or a separate doc-
ument that contains the following: 

(1) The name of each person whose 

logbook that instructor has endorsed 
for solo flight privileges, and the date 
of the endorsement; and 

(2) The name of each person that in-

structor has endorsed for a knowledge 
test or practical test, and the record 
shall also indicate the kind of test, the 
date, and the results. 

(c) Each flight instructor must retain 

the records required by this section for 
at least 3 years. 

[Docket No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as 
amended by Docket FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. 61– 
135, 81 FR 1306, Jan. 12, 2016] 

§ 61.191

Additional flight instructor 

ratings. 

(a) A person who applies for an addi-

tional flight instructor rating on a 
flight instructor certificate must meet 

the eligibility requirements listed in 
§ 61.183 of this part that apply to the 
flight instructor rating sought. 

(b) A person who applies for an addi-

tional rating on a flight instructor cer-
tificate is not required to pass the 
knowledge test on the areas listed in 
§ 61.185(a)(1) of this part. 

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; 
Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997] 

§ 61.193

Flight instructor privileges. 

(a) A person who holds a flight in-

structor certificate is authorized with-
in the limitations of that person’s 
flight instructor certificate and ratings 
to train and issue endorsements that 
are required for: 

(1) A student pilot certificate; 
(2) A pilot certificate; 
(3) A flight instructor certificate; 
(4) A ground instructor certificate; 
(5) An aircraft rating; 
(6) An instrument rating; 
(7) A flight review, operating privi-

lege, or recency of experience require-
ment of this part; 

(8) A practical test; and 
(9) A knowledge test. 
(b) A person who holds a flight in-

structor certificate is authorized, in a 
form and manner acceptable to the Ad-
ministrator, to: 

(1) Accept an application for a stu-

dent pilot certificate or, for an appli-
cant who holds a pilot certificate 
(other than a student pilot certificate) 
issued under part 61 of this chapter and 
meets the flight review requirements 
specified in § 61.56, a remote pilot cer-
tificate with a small UAS rating; 

(2) Verify the identity of the appli-

cant; and 

(3) Verify that an applicant for a stu-

dent pilot certificate meets the eligi-
bility requirements in § 61.83 or an ap-
plicant for a remote pilot certificate 
with a small UAS rating meets the eli-
gibility requirements in § 107.61 of this 
chapter. 

[Docket FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. 61–135, 81 FR 
1306, Jan. 12, 2016, as amended by Docket 
FAA–2015–0150, Amdt. 61–137, 81 FR 42208, 
June 28, 2016] 

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