title-14-part-61-sec61-51

490

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

§ 61.49

(2) A person who would otherwise act

as pilot in command of the flight or for
a portion of the flight.

craft used during the practical test, the
applicant and the examiner (and any
other occupants authorized to be on
board by the examiner) are not subject
to the requirements or limitations for
the carriage of passengers that are
specified in this chapter.

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40897, July 30, 1997]

§ 61.49

Retesting after failure.

(a) An applicant for a knowledge or

practical test who fails that test may
reapply for the test only after the ap-
plicant has received:

(1) The necessary training from an

authorized instructor who has deter-
mined that the applicant is proficient
to pass the test; and

(2) An endorsement from an author-

ized instructor who gave the applicant
the additional training.

(b) An applicant for a flight instruc-

tor certificate with an airplane cat-
egory rating or, for a flight instructor
certificate with a glider category rat-
ing, who has failed the practical test
due to deficiencies in instructional pro-
ficiency on stall awareness, spin entry,
spins, or spin recovery must:

(1) Comply with the requirements of

paragraph (a) of this section before
being retested;

(2) Bring an aircraft to the retest

that is of the appropriate aircraft cat-
egory for the rating sought and is cer-
tificated for spins; and

(3) Demonstrate satisfactory instruc-

tional proficiency on stall awareness,
spin entry, spins, and spin recovery to
an examiner during the retest.

§ 61.51

Pilot logbooks.

(a)

Training time and aeronautical ex-

perience. Each person must document
and record the following time in a
manner acceptable to the Adminis-
trator:

(1) Training and aeronautical experi-

ence used to meet the requirements for
a certificate, rating, or flight review of
this part.

(2) The aeronautical experience re-

quired for meeting the recent flight ex-
perience requirements of this part.

(b)

Logbook entries. For the purposes

of meeting the requirements of para-
graph (a) of this section, each person
must enter the following information
for each flight or lesson logged:

(1) General—
(i) Date.
(ii) Total flight time or lesson time.
(iii) Location where the aircraft de-

parted and arrived, or for lessons in a
full flight simulator or flight training
device, the location where the lesson
occurred.

(iv) Type and identification of air-

craft, full flight simulator, flight train-
ing device, or aviation training device,
as appropriate.

(v) The name of a safety pilot, if re-

quired by § 91.109 of this chapter.

(2) Type of pilot experience or train-

ing—

(i) Solo.
(ii) Pilot in command.
(iii) Second in command.
(iv) Flight and ground training re-

ceived from an authorized instructor.

(v) Training received in a full flight

simulator, flight training device, or
aviation training device from an au-
thorized instructor.

(3) Conditions of flight—
(i) Day or night.
(ii) Actual instrument.
(iii) Simulated instrument conditions

in flight, a full flight simulator, flight
training device, or aviation training
device.

(iv) Use of night vision goggles in an

aircraft in flight, in a full flight simu-
lator, or in a flight training device.

(c)

Logging of pilot time. The pilot

time described in this section may be
used to:

(1) Apply for a certificate or rating

issued under this part or a privilege au-
thorized under this part; or

(2) Satisfy the recent flight experi-

ence requirements of this part.

(d)

Logging of solo flight time. Except

for a student pilot performing the du-
ties of pilot in command of an airship
requiring more than one pilot flight
crewmember, a pilot may log as solo
flight time only that flight time when
the pilot is the sole occupant of the
aircraft.

(e)

Logging pilot-in-command flight

time. (1) A sport, recreational, private,
commercial, or airline transport pilot

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491

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

§ 61.51

may log pilot in command flight time
for flights-

(i) Except when logging flight time

under § 61.159(c), when the pilot is the
sole manipulator of the controls of an
aircraft for which the pilot is rated, or
has sport pilot privileges for that cat-
egory and class of aircraft, if the air-
craft class rating is appropriate;

(ii) When the pilot is the sole occu-

pant in the aircraft;

(iii) When the pilot, except for a

holder of a sport or recreational pilot
certificate, acts as pilot in command of
an aircraft for which more than one
pilot is required under the type certifi-
cation of the aircraft or the regula-
tions under which the flight is con-
ducted; or

(iv) When the pilot performs the du-

ties of pilot in command while under
the supervision of a qualified pilot in
command provided—

(A) The pilot performing the duties of

pilot in command holds a commercial
or airline transport pilot certificate
and aircraft rating that is appropriate
to the category and class of aircraft
being flown, if a class rating is appro-
priate;

(B) The pilot performing the duties of

pilot in command is undergoing an ap-
proved pilot in command training pro-
gram that includes ground and flight
training on the following areas of oper-
ation—

(

1) Preflight preparation;

(

2) Preflight procedures;

(

3) Takeoff and departure;

(

4) In-flight maneuvers;

(

5) Instrument procedures;

(

6) Landings and approaches to land-

ings;

(

7) Normal and abnormal procedures;

(

8) Emergency procedures; and

(

9) Postflight procedures;

holds—

(

1) A commercial pilot certificate and

flight instructor certificate, and air-
craft rating that is appropriate to the
category, class, and type of aircraft
being flown, if a class or type rating is
required; or

(

2) An airline transport pilot certifi-

cate and aircraft rating that is appro-
priate to the category, class, and type
of aircraft being flown, if a class or
type rating is required; and

(D) The supervising pilot in command

logs the pilot in command training in
the pilot’s logbook, certifies the pilot
in command training in the pilot’s log-
book and attests to that certification
with his or her signature, and flight in-
structor certificate number.

(2) If rated to act as pilot in com-

mand of the aircraft, an airline trans-
port pilot may log all flight time while
acting as pilot in command of an oper-
ation requiring an airline transport
pilot certificate.

(3) A certificated flight instructor

may log pilot in command flight time
for all flight time while serving as the
authorized instructor in an operation if
the instructor is rated to act as pilot in
command of that aircraft.

(4) A student pilot may log pilot-in-

command time only when the student
pilot—

(i) Is the sole occupant of the aircraft

or is performing the duties of pilot of
command of an airship requiring more
than one pilot flight crewmember;

(ii) Has a solo flight endorsement as

required under § 61.87 of this part; and

(iii) Is undergoing training for a pilot

certificate or rating.

(5) A commercial pilot or airline

transport pilot may log all flight time
while acting as pilot in command of an
operation in accordance with § 135.99(c)
of this chapter if the flight is con-
ducted in accordance with an approved
second-in-command professional devel-
opment program that meets the re-
quirements of § 135.99(c) of this chapter.

(f)

Logging second-in-command flight

time. A person may log second-in-com-
mand time only for that flight time
during which that person:

(1) Is qualified in accordance with the

second-in-command requirements of
§ 61.55, and occupies a crewmember sta-
tion in an aircraft that requires more
than one pilot by the aircraft’s type
certificate;

(2) Holds the appropriate category,

class, and instrument rating (if an in-
strument rating is required for the
flight) for the aircraft being flown, and
more than one pilot is required under
the type certification of the aircraft or
the regulations under which the flight
is being conducted; or

(3) Serves as second in command in

operations conducted in accordance

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492

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

§ 61.51

with § 135.99(c) of this chapter when a
second pilot is not required under the
type certification of the aircraft or the
regulations under which the flight is
being conducted, provided the require-
ments in § 61.159(c) are satisfied.

(g)

Logging instrument time. (1) A per-

son may log instrument time only for
that flight time when the person oper-
ates the aircraft solely by reference to
instruments under actual or simulated
instrument flight conditions.

(2) An authorized instructor may log

instrument time when conducting in-
strument flight instruction in actual
instrument flight conditions.

(3) For the purposes of logging in-

strument time to meet the recent in-
strument experience requirements of
§ 61.57(c) of this part, the following in-
formation must be recorded in the per-
son’s logbook—

(i) The location and type of each in-

strument approach accomplished; and

(ii) The name of the safety pilot, if

required.

(4) A person may use time in a full

flight simulator, flight training device,
or aviation training device for acquir-
ing instrument aeronautical experience
for a pilot certificate or rating pro-
vided an authorized instructor is
present to observe that time and signs
the person’s logbook or training record
to verify the time and the content of
the training session.

(5) A person may use time in a full

flight simulator, flight training device,
or aviation training device for satis-
fying instrument recency experience
requirements provided a logbook or
training record is maintained to speci-
fy the training device, time, and the
content.

(h)

Logging training time. (1) A person

may log training time when that per-
son receives training from an author-
ized instructor in an aircraft, full
flight simulator, flight training device,
or aviation training device.

(2) The training time must be logged

in a logbook and must:

(i) Be endorsed in a legible manner by

the authorized instructor; and

(ii) Include a description of the train-

ing given, the length of the training
lesson, and the authorized instructor’s
signature, certificate number, and cer-
tificate expiration date.

(i)

Presentation of required documents.

(1) Persons must present their pilot
certificate, medical certificate, log-
book, or any other record required by
this part for inspection upon a reason-
able request by—

(i) The Administrator;
(ii) An authorized representative

from the National Transportation Safe-
ty Board; or

(iii) Any Federal, State, or local law

enforcement officer.

(2) A student pilot must carry the

following items in the aircraft on all
solo cross-country flights as evidence
of the required authorized instructor
clearances and endorsements—

(i) Pilot logbook;
(ii) Student pilot certificate; and
(iii) Any other record required by

this section.

(3) A sport pilot must carry his or her

logbook or other evidence of required
authorized instructor endorsements on
all flights.

(4) A recreational pilot must carry

his or her logbook with the required
authorized instructor endorsements on
all solo flights—

(i) That exceed 50 nautical miles

from the airport at which training was
received;

(ii) Within airspace that requires

communication with air traffic con-
trol;

(iii) Conducted between sunset and

sunrise; or

(iv) In an aircraft for which the pilot

does not hold an appropriate category
or class rating.

(5) A flight instructor with a sport

pilot rating must carry his or her log-
book or other evidence of required au-
thorized instructor endorsements on
all flights when providing flight train-
ing.

(j)

Aircraft requirements for logging

flight time. For a person to log flight
time, the time must be acquired in an
aircraft that is identified as an aircraft
under § 61.5(b), and is—

(1) An aircraft of U.S. registry with

either a standard or special airworthi-
ness certificate;

(2) An aircraft of foreign registry

with an airworthiness certificate that
is approved by the aviation authority
of a foreign country that is a Member

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§ 61.53

State to the Convention on Inter-
national Civil Aviation Organization;

(3) A military aircraft under the di-

rect operational control of the U.S.
Armed Forces; or

(4) A public aircraft under the direct

operational control of a Federal, State,
county, or municipal law enforcement
agency, if the flight time was acquired
by the pilot while engaged on an offi-
cial law enforcement flight for a Fed-
eral, State, County, or Municipal law
enforcement agency.

(k)

Logging night vision goggle time. (1)

A person may log night vision goggle
time only for the time the person uses
night vision goggles as the primary vis-
ual reference of the surface and oper-
ates:

(i) An aircraft during a night vision

goggle operation; or

(ii) A full flight simulator or flight

training device with the lighting sys-
tem adjusted to represent the period
beginning 1 hour after sunset and end-
ing 1 hour before sunrise.

(2) An authorized instructor may log

night vision goggle time when that per-
son conducts training using night vi-
sion goggles as the primary visual ref-
erence of the surface and operates:

(i) An aircraft during a night goggle

operation; or

(ii) A full flight simulator or flight

training device with the lighting sys-
tem adjusted to represent the period
beginning 1 hour after sunset and end-
ing 1 hour before sunrise.

(3) To log night vision goggle time to

meet the recent night vision goggle ex-
perience requirements under § 61.57(f), a
person must log the information re-
quired under § 61.51(b).

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40897, July 30, 1997;
Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt.
61–110, 69 FR 44865, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–
124, 74 FR 42549, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–128, 76
FR 54105, Aug. 31, 2011; Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR
30277, June 27, 2018]

§ 61.52

Use of aeronautical experience

obtained in ultralight vehicles.

(a) Before January 31, 2012, a person

may use aeronautical experience ob-
tained in an ultralight vehicle to meet
the requirements for the following cer-
tificates and ratings issued under this
part:

(1) A sport pilot certificate.

(2) A flight instructor certificate

with a sport pilot rating;

(3) A private pilot certificate with a

weight-shift-control or powered para-
chute category rating.

(b) Before January 31, 2012, a person

may use aeronautical experience ob-
tained in an ultralight vehicle to meet
the provisions of § 61.69.

rience obtained in an ultralight vehicle
to meet the requirements for a certifi-
cate or rating specified in paragraph
(a) of this section or the requirements
of paragraph (b) of this section must—

(1) Have been a registered ultralight

pilot with an FAA-recognized ultra-
light organization when that aero-
nautical experience was obtained;

(2) Document and log that aero-

nautical experience in accordance with
the provisions for logging aeronautical
experience specified by an FAA-recog-
nized ultralight organization and in ac-
cordance with the provisions for log-
ging pilot time in aircraft as specified
in § 61.51;

(3) Obtain the aeronautical experi-

ence in a category and class of vehicle
corresponding to the rating or privilege
sought; and

(4) Provide the FAA with a certified

copy of his or her ultralight pilot
records from an FAA-recognized ultra-
light organization, that —

(i) Document that he or she is a reg-

istered ultralight pilot with that FAA-
recognized ultralight organization; and

(ii) Indicate that he or she is recog-

nized to operate the category and class
of aircraft for which sport pilot privi-
leges are sought.

[Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44865, July
27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR
5220, Feb. 1, 2010]

§ 61.53

Prohibition on operations dur-

ing medical deficiency.

(a)

Operations that require a medical

certificate. Except as provided for in
paragraph (b) of this section, no person
who holds a medical certificate issued
under part 67 of this chapter may act
as pilot in command, or in any other
capacity as a required pilot flight
crewmember, while that person:

(1) Knows or has reason to know of

any medical condition that would

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