title-14-part-91-sec91-1101

805

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

§ 91.1101

(ii) Teaching methods and proce-

dures; and

(iii) The instructor-student relation-

ship.

(d) The transition ground training for

flight instructors must include the ap-
proved methods, procedures, and limi-
tations for performing the required
normal, abnormal, and emergency pro-
cedures applicable to the type, class, or
category aircraft to which the flight
instructor is in transition.

(e) The initial and transition flight

training for flight instructors (aircraft)
must include the following—

(1) The safety measures for emer-

gency situations that are likely to de-
velop during instruction;

(2) The potential results of improper

or untimely safety measures during in-
struction;

(3) Training and practice from the

left and right pilot seats in the re-
quired normal, abnormal, and emer-
gency maneuvers to ensure competence
to conduct the flight instruction re-
quired by this subpart; and

(4) The safety measures to be taken

from either the left or right pilot seat
for emergency situations that are like-
ly to develop during instruction.

(f) The requirements of paragraph (e)

of this section may be accomplished in
full or in part in flight, in a flight sim-
ulator, or in a flight training device, as
appropriate.

(g) The initial and transition flight

training for a flight instructor (simu-
lator) must include the following:

(1) Training and practice in the re-

quired normal, abnormal, and emer-
gency procedures to ensure competence
to conduct the flight instruction re-
quired by this subpart. These maneu-
vers and procedures must be accom-
plished in full or in part in a flight sim-
ulator or in a flight training device.

(2) Training in the operation of flight

simulators, flight training devices, or
both, to ensure competence to conduct
the flight instruction required by this
subpart.

§ 91.1097

Pilot and flight attendant

crewmember training programs.

(a) Each program manager must es-

tablish and maintain an approved pilot
training program, and each program
manager who uses a flight attendant

crewmember must establish and main-
tain an approved flight attendant
training program, that is appropriate
to the operations to which each pilot
and flight attendant is to be assigned,
and will ensure that they are ade-
quately trained to meet the applicable
knowledge and practical testing re-
quirements of §§ 91.1065 through 91.1071.

(b) Each program manager required

to have a training program by para-
graph (a) of this section must include
in that program ground and flight
training curriculums for—

(1) Initial training;
(2) Transition training;
(3) Upgrade training;
(4) Differences training;
(5) Recurrent training; and
(6) Requalification training.
(c) Each program manager must pro-

vide current and appropriate study ma-
terials for use by each required pilot
and flight attendant.

(d) The program manager must fur-

nish copies of the pilot and flight at-
tendant crewmember training program,
and all changes and additions, to the
assigned representative of the Admin-
istrator. If the program manager uses
training facilities of other persons, a
copy of those training programs or ap-
propriate portions used for those facili-
ties must also be furnished. Curricula
that follow FAA published curricula
may be cited by reference in the copy
of the training program furnished to
the representative of the Adminis-
trator and need not be furnished with
the program.

§ 91.1099

Crewmember initial and re-

current training requirements.

No program manager may use a per-

son, nor may any person serve, as a
crewmember in operations under this
subpart unless that crewmember has
completed the appropriate initial or re-
current training phase of the training
program appropriate to the type of op-
eration in which the crewmember is to
serve since the beginning of the 12th
month before that service.

§ 91.1101

Pilots: Initial, transition, and

upgrade ground training.

Initial, transition, and upgrade

ground training for pilots must include

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14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

§ 91.1103

instruction in at least the following, as
applicable to their duties:

(a) General subjects—
(1) The program manager’s flight lo-

cating procedures;

(2) Principles and methods for deter-

mining weight and balance, and run-
way limitations for takeoff and land-
ing;

(3) Enough meteorology to ensure a

practical knowledge of weather phe-
nomena, including the principles of
frontal systems, icing, fog, thunder-
storms, windshear and, if appropriate,
high altitude weather situations;

(4) Air traffic control systems, proce-

dures, and phraseology;

(5) Navigation and the use of naviga-

tional aids, including instrument ap-
proach procedures;

(6) Normal and emergency commu-

nication procedures;

(7) Visual cues before and during de-

scent below Decision Altitude or MDA;
and

(8) Other instructions necessary to

ensure the pilot’s competence.

(b) For each aircraft type—
(1) A general description;
(2) Performance characteristics;
(3) Engines and propellers;
(4) Major components;
(5) Major aircraft systems (that is,

flight controls, electrical, and hydrau-
lic), other systems, as appropriate,
principles of normal, abnormal, and
emergency operations, appropriate pro-
cedures and limitations;

(6) Knowledge and procedures for—
(i) Recognizing and avoiding severe

weather situations;

(ii) Escaping from severe weather sit-

uations, in case of inadvertent encoun-
ters, including low-altitude windshear
(except that rotorcraft pilots are not
required to be trained in escaping from
low-altitude windshear);

(iii) Operating in or near thunder-

storms (including best penetration al-
titudes), turbulent air (including clear
air turbulence), inflight icing, hail, and
other potentially hazardous meteoro-
logical conditions; and

(iv) Operating airplanes during

ground icing conditions, (that is, any
time conditions are such that frost,
ice, or snow may reasonably be ex-
pected to adhere to the aircraft), if the
program manager expects to authorize

takeoffs in ground icing conditions, in-
cluding:

(A) The use of holdover times when

using deicing/anti-icing fluids;

(B) Airplane deicing/anti-icing proce-

dures, including inspection and check
procedures and responsibilities;

(that is, adherence of frost, ice, or
snow) and critical area identification,
and knowledge of how contamination
adversely affects airplane performance
and flight characteristics;

(E) Types and characteristics of deic-

ing/anti-icing fluids, if used by the pro-
gram manager;

(F) Cold weather preflight inspection

procedures;

(G) Techniques for recognizing con-

tamination on the airplane;

(7) Operating limitations;
(8) Fuel consumption and cruise con-

trol;

(9) Flight planning;
(10) Each normal and emergency pro-

cedure; and

(11) The approved Aircraft Flight

Manual or equivalent.

§ 91.1103

Pilots: Initial, transition, up-

grade, requalification, and dif-
ferences flight training.

(a) Initial, transition, upgrade, re-

qualification, and differences training
for pilots must include flight and prac-
tice in each of the maneuvers and pro-
cedures contained in each of the cur-
riculums that are a part of the ap-
proved training program.

(b) The maneuvers and procedures re-

quired by paragraph (a) of this section
must be performed in flight, except to
the extent that certain maneuvers and
procedures may be performed in an air-
craft simulator, or an appropriate
training device, as allowed by this sub-
part.

proved training program includes a
course of training using an aircraft
simulator or other training device,
each pilot must successfully com-
plete—

(1) Training and practice in the simu-

lator or training device in at least the