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806 

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition) 

§ 91.1103 

instruction in at least the following, as 
applicable to their duties: 

(a) General subjects— 
(1) The program manager’s flight lo-

cating procedures; 

(2) Principles and methods for deter-

mining weight and balance, and run-
way limitations for takeoff and land-
ing; 

(3) Enough meteorology to ensure a 

practical knowledge of weather phe-
nomena, including the principles of 
frontal systems, icing, fog, thunder-
storms, windshear and, if appropriate, 
high altitude weather situations; 

(4) Air traffic control systems, proce-

dures, and phraseology; 

(5) Navigation and the use of naviga-

tional aids, including instrument ap-
proach procedures; 

(6) Normal and emergency commu-

nication procedures; 

(7) Visual cues before and during de-

scent below Decision Altitude or MDA; 
and 

(8) Other instructions necessary to 

ensure the pilot’s competence. 

(b) For each aircraft type— 
(1) A general description; 
(2) Performance characteristics; 
(3) Engines and propellers; 
(4) Major components; 
(5) Major aircraft systems (that is, 

flight controls, electrical, and hydrau-
lic), other systems, as appropriate, 
principles of normal, abnormal, and 
emergency operations, appropriate pro-
cedures and limitations; 

(6) Knowledge and procedures for— 
(i) Recognizing and avoiding severe 

weather situations; 

(ii) Escaping from severe weather sit-

uations, in case of inadvertent encoun-
ters, including low-altitude windshear 
(except that rotorcraft pilots are not 
required to be trained in escaping from 
low-altitude windshear); 

(iii) Operating in or near thunder-

storms (including best penetration al-
titudes), turbulent air (including clear 
air turbulence), inflight icing, hail, and 
other potentially hazardous meteoro-
logical conditions; and 

(iv) Operating airplanes during 

ground icing conditions, (that is, any 
time conditions are such that frost, 
ice, or snow may reasonably be ex-
pected to adhere to the aircraft), if the 
program manager expects to authorize 

takeoffs in ground icing conditions, in-
cluding: 

(A) The use of holdover times when 

using deicing/anti-icing fluids; 

(B) Airplane deicing/anti-icing proce-

dures, including inspection and check 
procedures and responsibilities; 

(C) Communications; 
(D) Airplane surface contamination 

(that is, adherence of frost, ice, or 
snow) and critical area identification, 
and knowledge of how contamination 
adversely affects airplane performance 
and flight characteristics; 

(E) Types and characteristics of deic-

ing/anti-icing fluids, if used by the pro-
gram manager; 

(F) Cold weather preflight inspection 

procedures; 

(G) Techniques for recognizing con-

tamination on the airplane; 

(7) Operating limitations; 
(8) Fuel consumption and cruise con-

trol; 

(9) Flight planning; 
(10) Each normal and emergency pro-

cedure; and 

(11) The approved Aircraft Flight 

Manual or equivalent. 

§ 91.1103

Pilots: Initial, transition, up-

grade, requalification, and dif-
ferences flight training. 

(a) Initial, transition, upgrade, re-

qualification, and differences training 
for pilots must include flight and prac-
tice in each of the maneuvers and pro-
cedures contained in each of the cur-
riculums that are a part of the ap-
proved training program. 

(b) The maneuvers and procedures re-

quired by paragraph (a) of this section 
must be performed in flight, except to 
the extent that certain maneuvers and 
procedures may be performed in an air-
craft simulator, or an appropriate 
training device, as allowed by this sub-
part. 

(c) If the program manager’s ap-

proved training program includes a 
course of training using an aircraft 
simulator or other training device, 
each pilot must successfully com-
plete— 

(1) Training and practice in the simu-

lator or training device in at least the 

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807 

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 

§ 91.1109 

maneuvers and procedures in this sub-
part that are capable of being per-
formed in the aircraft simulator or 
training device; and 

(2) A flight check in the aircraft or a 

check in the simulator or training de-
vice to the level of proficiency of a 
pilot in command or second in com-
mand, as applicable, in at least the ma-
neuvers and procedures that are capa-
ble of being performed in an aircraft 
simulator or training device. 

§ 91.1105

Flight attendants: Initial and 

transition ground training. 

Initial and transition ground train-

ing for flight attendants must include 
instruction in at least the following— 

(a) General subjects— 
(1) The authority of the pilot in com-

mand; and 

(2) Passenger handling, including pro-

cedures to be followed in handling de-
ranged persons or other persons whose 
conduct might jeopardize safety. 

(b) For each aircraft type— 
(1) A general description of the air-

craft emphasizing physical characteris-
tics that may have a bearing on ditch-
ing, evacuation, and inflight emer-
gency procedures and on other related 
duties; 

(2) The use of both the public address 

system and the means of commu-
nicating with other flight crew-
members, including emergency means 
in the case of attempted hijacking or 
other unusual situations; and 

(3) Proper use of electrical galley 

equipment and the controls for cabin 
heat and ventilation. 

§ 91.1107

Recurrent training. 

(a) Each program manager must en-

sure that each crewmember receives 
recurrent training and is adequately 
trained and currently proficient for the 
type aircraft and crewmember position 
involved. 

(b) Recurrent ground training for 

crewmembers must include at least the 
following: 

(1) A quiz or other review to deter-

mine the crewmember’s knowledge of 
the aircraft and crewmember position 
involved. 

(2) Instruction as necessary in the 

subjects required for initial ground 
training by this subpart, as appro-

priate, including low-altitude 
windshear training and training on op-
erating during ground icing conditions, 
as prescribed in § 91.1097 and described 
in § 91.1101, and emergency training. 

(c) Recurrent flight training for pi-

lots must include, at least, flight train-
ing in the maneuvers or procedures in 
this subpart, except that satisfactory 
completion of the check required by 
§ 91.1065 within the preceding 12 months 
may be substituted for recurrent flight 
training. 

§ 91.1109

Aircraft maintenance: Inspec-

tion program. 

Each program manager must estab-

lish an aircraft inspection program for 
each make and model program aircraft 
and ensure each aircraft is inspected in 
accordance with that inspection pro-
gram. 

(a) The inspection program must be 

in writing and include at least the fol-
lowing information: 

(1) Instructions and procedures for 

the conduct of inspections for the par-
ticular make and model aircraft, in-
cluding necessary tests and checks. 
The instructions and procedures must 
set forth in detail the parts and areas 
of the airframe, engines, propellers, ro-
tors, and appliances, including survival 
and emergency equipment required to 
be inspected. 

(2) A schedule for performing the in-

spections that must be accomplished 
under the inspection program ex-
pressed in terms of the time in service, 
calendar time, number of system oper-
ations, or any combination thereof. 

(3) The name and address of the per-

son responsible for scheduling the in-
spections required by the inspection 
program. A copy of the inspection pro-
gram must be made available to the 
person performing inspections on the 
aircraft and, upon request, to the Ad-
ministrator. 

(b) Each person desiring to establish 

or change an approved inspection pro-
gram under this section must submit 
the inspection program for approval to 
the Flight Standards office that issued 
the program manager’s management 
specifications. The inspection program 
must be derived from one of the fol-
lowing programs: 

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