691
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT
§ 91.113
(2) The pilot manipulating the con-
trols is qualified to serve and serves as
pilot in command during the entire
flight;
(3) The instructor is current and
qualified to serve as pilot in command
of the airplane, meets the requirements
of § 61.195(b), and has logged at least 25
hours of pilot-in-command flight time
in the make and model of airplane; and
(4) The pilot in command and the in-
structor have determined the flight can
be conducted safely.
(c) No person may operate a civil air-
craft in simulated instrument flight
unless—
(1) The other control seat is occupied
by a safety pilot who possesses at least:
(i) A private pilot certificate with
category and class ratings appropriate
to the aircraft being flown; or
(ii) For purposes of providing train-
ing for a solo cross-country endorse-
ment under § 61.93 of this chapter, a
flight instructor certificate with an ap-
propriate sport pilot rating and meets
the requirements of § 61.412 of this
chapter.
(2) The safety pilot has adequate vi-
sion forward and to each side of the
aircraft, or a competent observer in the
aircraft adequately supplements the vi-
sion of the safety pilot; and
(3) Except in the case of lighter-than-
air aircraft, that aircraft is equipped
with fully functioning dual controls.
However, simulated instrument flight
may be conducted in a single-engine
airplane, equipped with a single, func-
tioning, throwover control wheel, in
place of fixed, dual controls of the ele-
vator and ailerons, when—
(i) The safety pilot has determined
that the flight can be conducted safely;
and
(ii) The person manipulating the con-
trols has at least a private pilot certifi-
cate with appropriate category and
class ratings.
(d) No person may operate a civil air-
craft that is being used for a flight test
for an airline transport pilot certifi-
cate or a class or type rating on that
certificate, or for a part 121 proficiency
flight test, unless the pilot seated at
the controls, other than the pilot being
checked, is fully qualified to act as
pilot in command of the aircraft.
[Doc. No. 18334, 54 FR 34294, Aug. 18, 1989, as
amended by Amdt. 91–324, 76 FR 54107, Aug.
31, 2011; Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30281, June 27,
2018]
§ 91.111
Operating near other aircraft.
(a) No person may operate an aircraft
so close to another aircraft as to create
a collision hazard.
(b) No person may operate an aircraft
in formation flight except by arrange-
ment with the pilot in command of
each aircraft in the formation.
(c) No person may operate an air-
craft, carrying passengers for hire, in
formation flight.
§ 91.113
Right-of-way rules: Except
water operations.
(a)
Inapplicability. This section does
not apply to the operation of an air-
craft on water.
(b)
General. When weather conditions
permit, regardless of whether an oper-
ation is conducted under instrument
flight rules or visual flight rules, vigi-
lance shall be maintained by each per-
son operating an aircraft so as to see
and avoid other aircraft. When a rule of
this section gives another aircraft the
right-of-way, the pilot shall give way
to that aircraft and may not pass over,
under, or ahead of it unless well clear.
(c)
In distress. An aircraft in distress
has the right-of-way over all other air
traffic.
(d)
Converging. When aircraft of the
same category are converging at ap-
proximately the same altitude (except
head-on, or nearly so), the aircraft to
the other’s right has the right-of-way.
If the aircraft are of different cat-
egories—
(1) A balloon has the right-of-way
over any other category of aircraft;
(2) A glider has the right-of-way over
an airship, powered parachute, weight-
shift-control aircraft, airplane, or
rotorcraft.
(3) An airship has the right-of-way
over a powered parachute, weight-shift-
control aircraft, airplane, or rotor-
craft.
However, an aircraft towing or re-
fueling other aircraft has the right-of-
way over all other engine-driven air-
craft.
VerDate Sep<11>2014
14:00 Mar 14, 2024
Jkt 262047
PO 00000
Frm 00701
Fmt 8010
Sfmt 8010
Q:\14\14V2.TXT
PC31
aworley on LAPBH6H6L3 with DISTILLER