694 

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition) 

§ 91.125 

been issued to the pilot of another air-
craft for radar air traffic control pur-
poses. 

(Approved by the Office of Management and 
Budget under control number 2120–0005) 

[Doc. No. 18834, 54 FR 34294, Aug. 18, 1989, as 
amended by Amdt. 91–227, 56 FR 65658, Dec. 
17, 1991; Amdt. 91–244, 60 FR 50679, Sept. 29, 
1995] 

§ 91.125

ATC light signals. 

ATC light signals have the meaning 

shown in the following table: 

Color and type of 

signal 

Meaning with re-

spect to aircraft on 

the surface 

Meaning with re-

spect to aircraft in 

flight 

Steady green ........

Cleared for takeoff 

Cleared to land. 

Flashing green ......

Cleared to taxi ......

Return for landing 

(to be followed 
by steady green 
at proper time). 

Steady red ............

Stop ......................

Give way to other 

aircraft and con-
tinue circling. 

Flashing red ..........

Taxi clear of run-

way in use.

Airport unsafe—do 

not land. 

Flashing white ......

Return to starting 

point on airport.

Not applicable. 

Alternating red and 

green.

Exercise extreme 

caution.

Exercise extreme 

caution. 

§ 91.126

Operating on or in the vicinity 

of an airport in Class G airspace. 

(a) 

General.  Unless otherwise author-

ized or required, each person operating 
an aircraft on or in the vicinity of an 
airport in a Class G airspace area must 
comply with the requirements of this 
section. 

(b) 

Direction of turns. When approach-

ing to land at an airport without an op-
erating control tower in Class G air-
space— 

(1) Each pilot of an airplane must 

make all turns of that airplane to the 
left unless the airport displays ap-
proved light signals or visual markings 
indicating that turns should be made 
to the right, in which case the pilot 
must make all turns to the right; and 

(2) Each pilot of a helicopter or a 

powered parachute must avoid the flow 
of fixed-wing aircraft. 

(c) 

Flap settings. Except when nec-

essary for training or certification, the 
pilot in command of a civil turbojet- 
powered aircraft must use, as a final 
flap setting, the minimum certificated 
landing flap setting set forth in the ap-
proved performance information in the 
Airplane Flight Manual for the appli-

cable conditions. However, each pilot 
in command has the final authority 
and responsibility for the safe oper-
ation of the pilot’s airplane, and may 
use a different flap setting for that air-
plane if the pilot determines that it is 
necessary in the interest of safety. 

(d) 

Communications with control tow-

ers.  Unless otherwise authorized or re-
quired by ATC, no person may operate 
an aircraft to, from, through, or on an 
airport having an operational control 
tower unless two-way radio commu-
nications are maintained between that 
aircraft and the control tower. Commu-
nications must be established prior to 4 
nautical miles from the airport, up to 
and including 2,500 feet AGL. However, 
if the aircraft radio fails in flight, the 
pilot in command may operate that 
aircraft and land if weather conditions 
are at or above basic VFR weather 
minimums, visual contact with the 
tower is maintained, and a clearance to 
land is received. If the aircraft radio 
fails while in flight under IFR, the 
pilot must comply with § 91.185. 

[Doc. No. 24458, 56 FR 65658, Dec. 17, 1991, as 
amended by Amdt. 91–239, 59 FR 11693, Mar. 
11, 1994; Amdt. 91–282, 69 FR 44880, July 27, 
2004] 

§ 91.127

Operating on or in the vicinity 

of an airport in Class E airspace. 

(a) Unless otherwise required by part 

93 of this chapter or unless otherwise 
authorized or required by the ATC fa-
cility having jurisdiction over the 
Class E airspace area, each person op-
erating an aircraft on or in the vicinity 
of an airport in a Class E airspace area 
must comply with the requirements of 
§ 91.126. 

(b) 

Departures.  Each pilot of an air-

craft must comply with any traffic pat-
terns established for that airport in 
part 93 of this chapter. 

(c) 

Communications with control tow-

ers.  Unless otherwise authorized or re-
quired by ATC, no person may operate 
an aircraft to, from, through, or on an 
airport having an operational control 
tower unless two-way radio commu-
nications are maintained between that 
aircraft and the control tower. Commu-
nications must be established prior to 4 
nautical miles from the airport, up to 
and including 2,500 feet AGL. However, 
if the aircraft radio fails in flight, the 

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