title-14-part-91-sec91-161

705

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

§ 91.161

(e) For the purpose of this section, an

aircraft operating at the base altitude
of a Class E airspace area is considered
to be within the airspace directly
below that area.

[Doc. No. 24458, 56 FR 65660, Dec. 17, 1991, as
amended by Amdt. 91–235, 58 FR 51968, Oct. 5,
1993; Amdt. 91–282, 69 FR 44880, July 27, 2004;
Amdt. 91–330, 79 FR 9972, Feb. 21, 2014; Amdt.
91–330A, 79 FR 41125, July 15, 2014]

§ 91.157

Special VFR weather mini-

mums.

(a) Except as provided in appendix D,

section 3, of this part, special VFR op-
erations may be conducted under the
weather minimums and requirements
of this section, instead of those con-
tained in § 91.155, below 10,000 feet MSL
within the airspace contained by the
upward extension of the lateral bound-
aries of the controlled airspace des-
ignated to the surface for an airport.

(b) Special VFR operations may only

be conducted—

(1) With an ATC clearance;
(2) Clear of clouds;
(3) Except for helicopters, when flight

visibility is at least 1 statute mile; and

(4) Except for helicopters, between

sunrise and sunset (or in Alaska, when
the sun is 6 degrees or less below the
horizon) unless—

(i) The person being granted the ATC

clearance meets the applicable require-
ments for instrument flight under part
61 of this chapter; and

(ii) The aircraft is equipped as re-

quired in § 91.205(d).

aircraft (other than a helicopter) under
special VFR—

(1) Unless ground visibility is at least

1 statute mile; or

(2) If ground visibility is not re-

ported, unless flight visibility is at
least 1 statute mile. For the purposes
of this paragraph, the term flight visi-
bility includes the visibility from the
cockpit of an aircraft in takeoff posi-
tion if:

(i) The flight is conducted under this

part 91; and

(ii) The airport at which the aircraft

is located is a satellite airport that
does not have weather reporting capa-
bilities.

(d) The determination of visibility by

a pilot in accordance with paragraph

(c)(2) of this section is not an official
weather report or an official ground
visibility report.

[Amdt. 91–235, 58 FR 51968, Oct. 5, 1993, as
amended by Amdt. 91–247, 60 FR 66874, Dec.
27, 1995; Amdt. 91–262, 65 FR 16116, Mar. 24,
2000; Docket No. FAA–2022–1355, Amdt. No.
91–366, 87 FR 75846, Dec. 9, 2022]

§ 91.159

VFR cruising altitude or flight

level.

Except while holding in a holding

pattern of 2 minutes or less, or while
turning, each person operating an air-
craft under VFR in level cruising flight
more than 3,000 feet above the surface
shall maintain the appropriate altitude
or flight level prescribed below, unless
otherwise authorized by ATC:

(a) When operating below 18,000 feet

MSL and—

(1) On a magnetic course of zero de-

grees through 179 degrees, any odd
thousand foot MSL altitude + 500 feet
(such as 3,500, 5,500, or 7,500); or

(2) On a magnetic course of 180 de-

grees through 359 degrees, any even
thousand foot MSL altitude + 500 feet
(such as 4,500, 6,500, or 8,500).

(b) When operating above 18,000 feet

MSL, maintain the altitude or flight
level assigned by ATC.

[Doc. No. 18334, 54 FR 34294, Aug. 18, 1989, as
amended by Amdt. 91–276, 68 FR 61321, Oct.
27, 2003; 68 FR 70133, Dec. 17, 2003]

§ 91.161

Special awareness training re-

quired for pilots flying under visual
flight rules within a 60-nautical
mile radius of the Washington, DC
VOR/DME.

(a)

Operations within a 60-nautical mile

radius of the Washington, DC VOR/DME
under visual flight rules (VFR). Except
as provided under paragraph (e) of this
section, no person may serve as a pilot
in command or as second in command
of an aircraft while flying within a 60-
nautical mile radius of the DCA VOR/
DME, under VFR, unless that pilot has
completed Special Awareness Training
and holds a certificate of training com-
pletion.

(b)

Special Awareness Training. The

Special Awareness Training consists of
information to educate pilots about the
procedures for flying in the Wash-
ington, DC area and, more generally, in
other types of special use airspace.

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706

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)

§§ 91.162–91.165

This free training is available on the
FAA’s Web site. Upon completion of
the training, each person will need to
print out a copy of the certificate of
training completion.

(c)

Inspection of certificate of training

completion. Each person who holds a
certificate for completing the Special
Awareness Training must present it for
inspection upon request from:

(1) An authorized representative of

the FAA;

(2) An authorized representative of

the National Transportation Safety
Board;

(3) Any Federal, State, or local law

enforcement officer; or

(4) An authorized representative of

the Transportation Security Adminis-
tration.

(d)

Emergency declared. The failure to

complete the Special Awareness Train-
ing course on flying in and around the
Washington, DC Metropolitan Area is
not a violation of this section if an
emergency is declared by the pilot, as
described under § 91.3(b), or there was a
failure of two-way radio communica-
tions when operating under IFR as de-
scribed under § 91.185.

(e)

Exceptions. The requirements of

this section do not apply if the flight is
being performed in an aircraft of an air
ambulance operator certificated to
conduct part 135 operations under this
chapter, the U.S. Armed Forces, or a
law enforcement agency.

[Doc. No. FAA–2006–25250, 73 FR 46803, Aug.
12, 2008]

§§ 91.162–91.165

[Reserved]

NSTRUMENT

LIGHT

ULES

§ 91.167

Fuel requirements for flight in

IFR conditions.

(a) No person may operate a civil air-

craft in IFR conditions unless it car-
ries enough fuel (considering weather
reports and forecasts and weather con-
ditions) to—

(1) Complete the flight to the first

airport of intended landing;

(2) Except as provided in paragraph

(b) of this section, fly from that airport
to the alternate airport; and

(3) Fly after that for 45 minutes at

normal cruising speed or, for heli-

copters, fly after that for 30 minutes at
normal cruising speed.

(b) Paragraph (a)(2) of this section

does not apply if:

(1) Part 97 of this chapter prescribes

a standard instrument approach proce-
dure to, or a special instrument ap-
proach procedure has been issued by
the Administrator to the operator for,
the first airport of intended landing;
and

(2) Appropriate weather reports or

weather forecasts, or a combination of
them, indicate the following:

(i)

For aircraft other than helicopters.

For at least 1 hour before and for 1
hour after the estimated time of ar-
rival, the ceiling will be at least 2,000
feet above the airport elevation and
the visibility will be at least 3 statute
miles.

(ii)

For helicopters. At the estimated

time of arrival and for 1 hour after the
estimated time of arrival, the ceiling
will be at least 1,000 feet above the air-
port elevation, or at least 400 feet
above the lowest applicable approach
minima, whichever is higher, and the
visibility will be at least 2 statute
miles.

[Doc. No. 98–4390, 65 FR 3546, Jan. 21, 2000]

§ 91.169

IFR flight plan: Information

required.

(a)

Information required. Unless other-

wise authorized by ATC, each person
filing an IFR flight plan must include
in it the following information:

(1) Information required under § 91.153

(a) of this part;