727
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT
§ 91.225
(2) Firefighting operations.
(3) Flight operations when incident
to the aerial application of chemicals
and other substances.
[Doc. No. 29312, 65 FR 16755, Mar. 29, 2000]
§ 91.225
Automatic Dependent Surveil-
lance-Broadcast (ADS–B) Out equip-
ment and use.
(a) After January 1, 2020, unless oth-
erwise authorized by ATC, no person
may operate an aircraft in Class A air-
space unless the aircraft has equipment
installed that—
(1) Meets the performance require-
ments in–
(i) TSO–C166b and Section 2 of RTCA
DO–260B (as referenced in TSO–C166b);
or
(ii) TSO–C166c and Section 2 of RTCA
DO–260C as modified by DO–260C—
Change 1 (as referenced in TSO–C166c);
and
(2) Meets the requirements of § 91.227.
(b) After January 1, 2020, except as
prohibited in paragraph (h)(2) of this
section or unless otherwise authorized
by ATC, no person may operate an air-
craft below 18,000 feet MSL and in air-
space described in paragraph (d) of this
section unless the aircraft has equip-
ment installed that—
(1) Meets the performance require-
ments in—
(i) TSO–C166b and Section 2 of RTCA
DO–260B (as referenced in TSO–C166b);
(ii) TSO–C166c and Section 2 of RTCA
DO–260C as modified by DO–260C—
Change 1 (as referenced in TSO–C166c);
(iii) TSO–C154c and Section 2 of
RTCA DO–282B (as referenced in TSO–
C154c); or
(iv) TSO–C154d and Section 2 of
RTCA DO–282C (as referenced in TSO–
C154d);
(2) Meets the requirements of § 91.227.
(c) Operators with equipment in-
stalled with an approved deviation
under § 21.618 of this chapter also are in
compliance with this section.
(d) After January 1, 2020, except as
prohibited in paragraph (i)(2) of this
section or unless otherwise authorized
by ATC, no person may operate an air-
craft in the following airspace unless
the aircraft has equipment installed
that meets the requirements in para-
graph (b) of this section:
(1) Class B and Class C airspace areas;
(2) Except as provided for in para-
graph (e) of this section, within 30 nau-
tical miles of an airport listed in ap-
pendix D, section 1 to this part from
the surface upward to 10,000 feet MSL;
(3) Above the ceiling and within the
lateral boundaries of a Class B or Class
C airspace area designated for an air-
port upward to 10,000 feet MSL;
(4) Except as provided in paragraph
(e) of this section, Class E airspace
within the 48 contiguous states and the
District of Columbia at and above
10,000 feet MSL, excluding the airspace
at and below 2,500 feet above the sur-
face; and
(5) Class E airspace at and above 3,000
feet MSL over the Gulf of Mexico from
the coastline of the United States out
to 12 nautical miles.
(e) The requirements of paragraph (b)
of this section do not apply to any air-
craft that was not originally certifi-
cated with an engine-driven electrical
system, or that has not subsequently
been certified with such a system in-
stalled, including balloons and gliders.
These aircraft may conduct operations
without ADS–B Out in the airspace
specified in paragraph (d)(4) of this sec-
tion. These aircraft may also conduct
operations in the airspace specified in
paragraph (d)(2) of this section if those
operations are conducted—
(1) Outside any Class B or Class C air-
space area; and
(2) Below the altitude of the ceiling
of a Class B or Class C airspace area
designated for an airport, or 10,000 feet
MSL, whichever is lower.
(f) Except as prohibited in paragraph
(i)(2) of this section, each person oper-
ating an aircraft equipped with ADS–B
Out must operate this equipment in
the transmit mode at all times unless—
(1) Otherwise authorized by the FAA
when the aircraft is performing a sen-
sitive government mission for national
defense, homeland security, intel-
ligence or law enforcement purposes
and transmitting would compromise
the operations security of the mission
or pose a safety risk to the aircraft,
crew, or people and property in the air
or on the ground; or
(2) Otherwise directed by ATC when
transmitting would jeopardize the safe
execution of air traffic control func-
tions.
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14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)
§ 91.225
(g) Requests for ATC authorized devi-
ations from the requirements of this
section must be made to the ATC facil-
ity having jurisdiction over the con-
cerned airspace within the time periods
specified as follows:
(1) For operation of an aircraft with
an inoperative ADS–B Out, to the air-
port of ultimate destination, including
any intermediate stops, or to proceed
to a place where suitable repairs can be
made or both, the request may be made
at any time.
(2) For operation of an aircraft that
is not equipped with ADS–B Out, the
request must be made at least 1 hour
before the proposed operation.
(h) For unmanned aircraft:
(1) No person may operate an un-
manned aircraft under a flight plan and
in two way communication with ATC
unless:
(i) That aircraft has equipment in-
stalled that meets the performance re-
quirements in TSO–C166b (including
Section 2 of RTCA DO–260B, as ref-
erenced in TSO–C166b), TSO–C166c (in-
cluding Section 2 of RTCA DO–260C as
modified by DO–260C—Change 1, as ref-
erenced in TSO–C166c), TSO–C154c (in-
cluding Section 2 of RTCA DO–282B, as
referenced in TSO–C154c), or TSO–C154d
(including Section 2 of RTCA DO–282C,
as referenced in TSO–C154d); and
(ii) The equipment meets the require-
ments of § 91.227.
(2) No person may operate an un-
manned aircraft under this part with
Automatic Dependent Surveillance-
Broadcast Out equipment in transmit
mode unless:
(i) The operation is conducted under
a flight plan and the person operating
that unmanned aircraft maintains two-
way communication with ATC; or
(ii) The use of ADS–B Out is other-
wise authorized by the Administrator.
(i) The standards required in this sec-
tion are incorporated by reference with
the approval of the Director of the Of-
fice of the Federal Register under 5
U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. This in-
corporation by reference (IBR) mate-
rial is available for inspection at the
FAA and the National Archives and
Records Administration (NARA). Con-
tact the FAA at: Office of Rulemaking
(ARM–1), 800 Independence Avenue SW,
Washington, DC 20590 (telephone 202–
267–9677). For information on the avail-
ability of this material at NARA, visit
https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/
cfr/ibr-locations.html
or email
fr.inspection@nara.gov. This material is
also available from the following
sources in this paragraph (i).
(1) U.S. Department of Transpor-
tation, Subsequent Distribution Office,
DOT Warehouse M30, Ardmore East
Business Center, 3341 Q 75th Avenue,
Landover, MD 20785; telephone (301)
322–5377; website:
www.faa.gov/aircraft/
air
l
cert/design
l
approvals/tso/
(select
the link ‘‘Search Technical Standard
Orders’’).
(i) TSO–C166b, Extended Squitter
Automatic Dependent Surveillance-
Broadcast (ADS–B) and Traffic Infor-
mation Service-Broadcast (TIS–B)
Equipment Operating on the Radio
Frequency of 1090 Megahertz (MHz),
December 2, 2009.
(ii) TSO–C166c, Extended Squitter
Automatic Dependent Surveillance-
Broadcast (ADS–B) and Traffic Infor-
mation Service-Broadcast (TIS–B)
Equipment Operating on the Radio
Frequency of 1090 Megahertz (MHz),
March 10, 2023.
(iii) TSO–C154c, Universal Access
Transceiver (UAT) Automatic Depend-
ent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS–B)
Equipment Operating on the Frequency
of 978 MHz, December 2, 2009.
(iv) TSO–C154d, Universal Access
Transceiver (UAT) Automatic Depend-
ent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS–B)
Equipment Operating on the Radio
Frequency of 978 Megahertz (MHz),
March 10, 2023.
(2) RTCA, Inc., 1150 18th St. NW,
Suite 910, Washington, DC 20036; tele-
phone (202) 833–9339; website:
www.rtca.org/products.
(i) RTCA DO–260B, Minimum Oper-
ational Performance Standards for 1090
MHz Extended Squitter Automatic De-
pendent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS–
B) and Traffic Information Services-
Broadcast (TIS–B), Section 2, Equip-
ment Performance Requirements and
Test Procedures, December 2, 2009.
(ii) RTCA DO–260C, Minimum Oper-
ational Performance Standards for 1090
MHz Extended Squitter Automatic De-
pendent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS–
B) and Traffic Information Services-
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Federal Aviation Administration, DOT
§ 91.227
Broadcast (TIS–B), Section 2, Equip-
ment Performance Requirements and
Test Procedures, December 17, 2020.
(iii) RTCA DO–260C, Minimum Oper-
ational Performance Standards for 1090
MHz Extended Squitter Automatic De-
pendent Surveillance—Broadcast
(ADS–B) and Traffic Information Serv-
ices—Broadcast (TIS–B), Change 1,
January 25, 2022.
(iv) RTCA DO–282B, Minimum Oper-
ational Performance Standards for
Universal Access Transceiver (UAT)
Automatic Dependent Surveillance-
Broadcast (ADS–B), Section 2, Equip-
ment Performance Requirements and
Test Procedures, December 2, 2009.
(v) RTCA DO–282C, Minimum Oper-
ational Performance Standards
(MOPS) for Universal Access Trans-
ceiver (UAT) Automatic Dependent
Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS–B), Sec-
tion 2, Equipment Performance Re-
quirements and Test Procedures, June
23, 2022.
[Doc. No. FAA–2007–29305, 75 FR 30193, May
28, 2010; Amdt. 91–314–A, 75 FR 37712, June 30,
2010, as amended at Amdt. 91–316, 75 FR 37712,
June 30, 2010; Amdt. 91–336, 80 FR 6900, Feb.
9, 2015; Amdt. 91–336A, 80 FR 11537, Mar. 4,
2015; Amdt. 91–355, 84 FR 34287, July 18, 2019;
Amdt. No. 91–361, 86 FR 4513, Jan. 15, 2021;
Docket No. FAA–2023–1836; Amdt. No. 91–371,
88 FR 71476, Oct. 17, 2023]
§ 91.227
Automatic Dependent Surveil-
lance-Broadcast (ADS–B) Out equip-
ment performance requirements.
(a)
Definitions. For the purposes of
this section:
ADS–B Out is a function of an air-
craft’s onboard avionics that periodi-
cally broadcasts the aircraft’s state
vector (3-dimensional position and 3-di-
mensional velocity) and other required
information as described in this sec-
tion.
Navigation Accuracy Category for Posi-
tion (NAC
P
) specifies the accuracy of a
reported aircraft’s position.
Navigation Accuracy Category for Ve-
locity (NAC
V
) specifies the accuracy of a
reported aircraft’s velocity.
Navigation Integrity Category (NIC)
specifies an integrity containment ra-
dius around an aircraft’s reported posi-
tion.
Position Source refers to the equip-
ment installed onboard an aircraft used
to process and provide aircraft position
(for example, latitude, longitude, and
velocity) information.
Source Integrity Level (SIL) indicates
the probability of the reported hori-
zontal position exceeding the contain-
ment radius defined by the NIC on a
per sample or per hour basis.
System Design Assurance (SDA) indi-
cates the probability of an aircraft
malfunction causing false or mis-
leading information to be transmitted.
Total latency is the total time be-
tween when the position is measured
and when the position is transmitted
by the aircraft.
Uncompensated latency is the time for
which the aircraft does not compensate
for latency.
(b)
1090 MHz ES and UAT Broadcast
Links and Power Requirements—
(1) Aircraft operating in Class A air-
space must have equipment installed
that meets the antenna and power out-
put requirements of Class A1S, A1, A2,
A3, B1S, or B1 equipment as defined in
TSO–C166b and Section 2 of RTCA DO–
260B (as referenced in TSO–C166b), or
TSO–C166c and Section 2 of RTCA DO–
260C as modified by DO–260C—Change 1
(as referenced in TSO–C166c).
(2) Aircraft operating in airspace des-
ignated for ADS–B Out, but outside of
Class A airspace, must have equipment
installed that meets the antenna and
output power requirements of either:
(i) Class A1S, A1, A2, A3, B1S, or B1
as defined in TSO–C166b and Section 2
of RTCA DO–260B (as referenced in
TSO–C166b) or TSO–C166c and Section 2
of RTCA DO–260C as modified by DO–
260C—Change 1 (as referenced in TSO–
C166c); or
(ii) Class A1S, A1H, A2, A3, B1S, or B1
equipment as defined in TSO–C154c and
Section 2 of RTCA DO–282B (as ref-
erenced in TSO–C154c), or TSO–C154d
and Section 2 of RTCA DO–282C (as ref-
erenced in TSO–C154d).
(c)
ADS–B Out Performance Require-
ments for NAC
P,
NAC
V
, NIC, SDA, and
SIL—
(1) For aircraft broadcasting ADS–B
Out as required under § 91.225 (a) and
(b)—
(i) The aircraft’s NAC
P
must be less
than 0.05 nautical miles;
(ii) The aircraft’s NAC
V
must be less
than 10 meters per second;
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