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729 

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 

§ 91.227 

Broadcast (TIS–B), Section 2, Equip-
ment Performance Requirements and 
Test Procedures, December 17, 2020. 

(iii) RTCA DO–260C, Minimum Oper-

ational Performance Standards for 1090 
MHz Extended Squitter Automatic De-
pendent Surveillance—Broadcast 
(ADS–B) and Traffic Information Serv-
ices—Broadcast (TIS–B), Change 1, 
January 25, 2022. 

(iv) RTCA DO–282B, Minimum Oper-

ational Performance Standards for 
Universal Access Transceiver (UAT) 
Automatic Dependent Surveillance- 
Broadcast (ADS–B), Section 2, Equip-
ment Performance Requirements and 
Test Procedures, December 2, 2009. 

(v) RTCA DO–282C, Minimum Oper-

ational Performance Standards 
(MOPS) for Universal Access Trans-
ceiver (UAT) Automatic Dependent 
Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS–B), Sec-
tion 2, Equipment Performance Re-
quirements and Test Procedures, June 
23, 2022. 

[Doc. No. FAA–2007–29305, 75 FR 30193, May 
28, 2010; Amdt. 91–314–A, 75 FR 37712, June 30, 
2010, as amended at Amdt. 91–316, 75 FR 37712, 
June 30, 2010; Amdt. 91–336, 80 FR 6900, Feb. 
9, 2015; Amdt. 91–336A, 80 FR 11537, Mar. 4, 
2015; Amdt. 91–355, 84 FR 34287, July 18, 2019; 
Amdt. No. 91–361, 86 FR 4513, Jan. 15, 2021; 
Docket No. FAA–2023–1836; Amdt. No. 91–371, 
88 FR 71476, Oct. 17, 2023] 

§ 91.227

Automatic Dependent Surveil-

lance-Broadcast (ADS–B) Out equip-
ment performance requirements. 

(a) 

Definitions.  For the purposes of 

this section: 

ADS–B Out is a function of an air-

craft’s onboard avionics that periodi-
cally broadcasts the aircraft’s state 
vector (3-dimensional position and 3-di-
mensional velocity) and other required 
information as described in this sec-
tion. 

Navigation Accuracy Category for Posi-

tion  (NAC

P

) specifies the accuracy of a 

reported aircraft’s position. 

Navigation Accuracy Category for Ve-

locity (NAC

V

) specifies the accuracy of a 

reported aircraft’s velocity. 

Navigation Integrity Category (NIC) 

specifies an integrity containment ra-
dius around an aircraft’s reported posi-
tion. 

Position Source refers to the equip-

ment installed onboard an aircraft used 
to process and provide aircraft position 

(for example, latitude, longitude, and 
velocity) information. 

Source Integrity Level (SIL) indicates 

the probability of the reported hori-
zontal position exceeding the contain-
ment radius defined by the NIC on a 
per sample or per hour basis. 

System Design Assurance (SDA) indi-

cates the probability of an aircraft 
malfunction causing false or mis-
leading information to be transmitted. 

Total latency is the total time be-

tween when the position is measured 
and when the position is transmitted 
by the aircraft. 

Uncompensated latency is the time for 

which the aircraft does not compensate 
for latency. 

(b) 

1090 MHz ES and UAT Broadcast 

Links and Power Requirements— 

(1) Aircraft operating in Class A air-

space must have equipment installed 
that meets the antenna and power out-
put requirements of Class A1S, A1, A2, 
A3, B1S, or B1 equipment as defined in 
TSO–C166b and Section 2 of RTCA DO– 
260B (as referenced in TSO–C166b), or 
TSO–C166c and Section 2 of RTCA DO– 
260C as modified by DO–260C—Change 1 
(as referenced in TSO–C166c). 

(2) Aircraft operating in airspace des-

ignated for ADS–B Out, but outside of 
Class A airspace, must have equipment 
installed that meets the antenna and 
output power requirements of either: 

(i) Class A1S, A1, A2, A3, B1S, or B1 

as defined in TSO–C166b and Section 2 
of RTCA DO–260B (as referenced in 
TSO–C166b) or TSO–C166c and Section 2 
of RTCA DO–260C as modified by DO– 
260C—Change 1 (as referenced in TSO– 
C166c); or 

(ii) Class A1S, A1H, A2, A3, B1S, or B1 

equipment as defined in TSO–C154c and 
Section 2 of RTCA DO–282B (as ref-
erenced in TSO–C154c), or TSO–C154d 
and Section 2 of RTCA DO–282C (as ref-
erenced in TSO–C154d). 

(c) 

ADS–B Out Performance Require-

ments for NAC 

P,

NAC

V

, NIC, SDA,  and 

SIL— 

(1) For aircraft broadcasting ADS–B 

Out as required under § 91.225 (a) and 
(b)— 

(i) The aircraft’s NAC

P

must be less 

than 0.05 nautical miles; 

(ii) The aircraft’s NAC

V

must be less 

than 10 meters per second; 

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730 

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition) 

§ 91.227 

(iii) The aircraft’s NIC must be less 

than 0.2 nautical miles; 

(iv) The aircraft’s SDA must be less 

than or equal to 10

¥

5

per flight hour; 

and 

(v) The aircraft’s SIL must be less 

than or equal to 10

¥

7

per flight hour or 

per sample. 

(2) Changes in NAC

P

, NAC

V

, SDA, and 

SIL must be broadcast within 10 sec-
onds. 

(3) Changes in NIC must be broadcast 

within 12 seconds. 

(d) 

Minimum Broadcast Message Ele-

ment Set for ADS–B Out. Each aircraft 
must broadcast the following informa-
tion, as defined in TSO–C166b (includ-
ing Section 2 of RTCA DO–260B, as ref-
erenced in TSO–C166b), TSO–C166c (in-
cluding Section 2 of RTCA DO–260C as 
modified by DO–260C—Change 1, as ref-
erenced in TSO–C166c), TSO–C154c (in-
cluding Section 2 of RTCA DO–282B, as 
referenced in TSO–C154c), or TSO–C154d 
(including Section 2 of RTCA DO–282C, 
as referenced in TSO–C154d). The pilot 
must enter information for message 
elements listed in paragraphs (d)(7) 
through (10) of this section during the 
appropriate phase of flight. 

(1) The length and width of the air-

craft; 

(2) An indication of the aircraft’s 

latitude and longitude; 

(3) An indication of the aircraft’s bar-

ometric pressure altitude; 

(4) An indication of the aircraft’s ve-

locity; 

(5) An indication if a collision avoid-

ance system is installed and operating 
in a mode that can generate resolution 
advisory alerts; 

(6) If an operable collision avoidance 

system is installed, an indication if a 
resolution advisory is in effect; 

(7) An indication of the Mode A 

transponder code specified by ATC; 

(8) An indication of the aircraft iden-

tification that is submitted on the 
flight plan or used for communicating 
with ATC, except when the pilot has 
not filed a flight plan, has not re-
quested ATC services, and is using a 
TSO–C154c or TSO–C154d self-assigned 
temporary 24-bit address; 

(9) An indication if the flightcrew has 

identified an emergency, radio commu-
nication failure, or unlawful inter-
ference; 

(10) An indication of the aircraft’s 

‘‘IDENT’’ to ATC; 

(11) An indication of the aircraft as-

signed ICAO 24-bit address, except 
when the pilot has not filed a flight 
plan, has not requested ATC services, 
and is using a TSO–C154c or TSO–C154d 
self-assigned temporary 24-bit address; 

(12) An indication of the aircraft’s 

emitter category; 

(13) An indication of whether an 

ADS–B In capability is available; 

(14) An indication of the aircraft’s 

geometric altitude; 

(15) An indication of the Navigation 

Accuracy Category for Position 
(NAC

P

); 

(16) An indication of the Navigation 

Accuracy Category for Velocity 
(NAC

V

); 

(17) An indication of the Navigation 

Integrity Category (NIC); 

(18) An indication of the System De-

sign Assurance (SDA); and 

(19) An indication of the Source In-

tegrity Level (SIL). 

(e) 

ADS–B Latency Requirements— 

(1) The aircraft must transmit its 

geometric position no later than 2.0 
seconds from the time of measurement 
of the position to the time of trans-
mission. 

(2) Within the 2.0 total latency allo-

cation, a maximum of 0.6 seconds can 
be uncompensated latency. The air-
craft must compensate for any latency 
above 0.6 seconds up to the maximum 
2.0 seconds total by extrapolating the 
geometric position to the time of mes-
sage transmission. 

(3) The aircraft must transmit its po-

sition and velocity at least once per 
second while airborne or while moving 
on the airport surface. 

(4) The aircraft must transmit its po-

sition at least once every 5 seconds 
while stationary on the airport surface. 

(f) 

Equipment with an approved devi-

ation.  Operators with equipment in-
stalled with an approved deviation 
under § 21.618 of this chapter also are in 
compliance with this section. 

(g) 

Incorporation by reference. The 

standards required in this section are 
incorporated by reference with the ap-
proval of the Director of the Office of 
the Federal Register under 5 U.S.C. 
552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. This incorpo-
ration by reference (IBR) material is 

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731 

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 

§ 91.303 

available for inspection at the FAA and 
the National Archives and Records Ad-
ministration (NARA). Contact the FAA 
at: Office of Rulemaking (ARM–1), 800 
Independence Avenue SW, Washington, 
DC 20590 (telephone 202–267–9677). For 
information on the availability of this 
material at NARA, visit 
www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ibr- 
locations.html 

or email 

fr.inspection@nara.gov.  This material is 
also available from the following 
sources indicated in this paragraph (g). 

(1) U.S. Department of Transpor-

tation, Subsequent Distribution Office, 
DOT Warehouse M30, Ardmore East 
Business Center, 3341 Q 75th Avenue, 
Landover, MD 20785; telephone (301) 
322–5377; website: 

www.faa.gov/aircraft/

air

l

cert/design

l

approvals/tso/ 

(select 

the link ‘‘Search Technical Standard 
Orders’’). 

(i) TSO–C166b, Extended Squitter 

Automatic Dependent Surveillance- 
Broadcast (ADS–B) and Traffic Infor-
mation Service-Broadcast (TIS–B) 
Equipment Operating on the Radio 
Frequency of 1090 Megahertz (MHz), 
December 2, 2009. 

(ii) TSO–C166c, Extended Squitter 

Automatic Dependent Surveillance- 
Broadcast (ADS–B) and Traffic Infor-
mation Service-Broadcast (TIS–B) 
Equipment Operating on the Radio 
Frequency of 1090 Megahertz (MHz), 
March 10, 2023. 

(iii) TSO–C154c, Universal Access 

Transceiver (UAT) Automatic Depend-
ent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS–B) 
Equipment Operating on the Frequency 
of 978 MHz, December 2, 2009. 

(iv) TSO–C154d, Universal Access 

Transceiver (UAT) Automatic Depend-
ent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS–B) 
Equipment Operating on the Radio 
Frequency of 978 Megahertz (MHz), 
March 10, 2023. 

(2) RTCA, Inc., 1150 18th St. NW, 

Suite 910, Washington, DC 20036; tele-
phone (202) 833–9339; website: 
www.rtca.org/products. 

(i) RTCA DO–260B, Minimum Oper-

ational Performance Standards for 1090 
MHz Extended Squitter Automatic De-
pendent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS– 
B) and Traffic Information Services- 
Broadcast (TIS–B), Section 2, Equip-
ment Performance Requirements and 
Test Procedures, December 2, 2009. 

(ii) RTCA DO–260C, Minimum Oper-

ational Performance Standards for 1090 
MHz Extended Squitter Automatic De-
pendent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS– 
B) and Traffic Information Services- 
Broadcast (TIS–B), Section 2, Equip-
ment Performance Requirements and 
Test Procedures, December 17, 2020. 

(iii) RTCA DO–260C, Minimum Oper-

ational Performance Standards for 1090 
MHz Extended Squitter Automatic De-
pendent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS– 
B) and Traffic Information Services- 
Broadcast (TIS–B), Change 1, January 
25, 2022. 

(iv) RTCA DO–282B, Minimum Oper-

ational Performance Standards for 
Universal Access Transceiver (UAT) 
Automatic Dependent Surveillance- 
Broadcast (ADS–B), Section 2, Equip-
ment Performance Requirements and 
Test Procedures, December 2, 2009. 

(v) RTCA DO–282C, Minimum Oper-

ational Performance Standards 
(MOPS) for Universal Access Trans-
ceiver (UAT) Automatic Dependent 
Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS–B), Sec-
tion 2, Equipment Performance Re-
quirements and Test Procedures, June 
23, 2022. 

[Doc. No. FAA–2007–29305, 75 FR 30194, May 
28, 2010; Amdt. 91–314–A, 75 FR 37712, June 30, 
2010, as amended at Amdt. 91–316, 75 FR 37712, 
June 30, 2010; Docket No. FAA–2023–1836; 
Amdt. No. 91–371, 88 FR 71477, Oct. 17, 2023] 

§§ 91.228–91.299

[Reserved] 

Subpart D—Special Flight 

Operations 

S

OURCE

: Docket No. 18334, 54 FR 34308, Aug. 

18, 1989, unless otherwise noted. 

§ 91.301

[Reserved] 

§ 91.303

Aerobatic flight. 

No person may operate an aircraft in 

aerobatic flight— 

(a) Over any congested area of a city, 

town, or settlement; 

(b) Over an open air assembly of per-

sons; 

(c) Within the lateral boundaries of 

the surface areas of Class B, Class C, 
Class D, or Class E airspace designated 
for an airport; 

(d) Within 4 nautical miles of the 

center line of any Federal airway; 

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