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747 

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 

§ 91.511 

(b) Except as provided in paragraph 

(c) of this section, no person may take 
off an airplane for flight over water 
more than 30 minutes flying time or 100 
nautical miles from the nearest shore, 
whichever is less, unless it has on 
board the following survival equip-
ment: 

(1) A life preserver, equipped with an 

approved survivor locator light, for 
each occupant of the airplane. 

(2) Enough liferafts (each equipped 

with an approved survival locator 
light) of a rated capacity and buoyancy 
to accommodate the occupants of the 
airplane. 

(3) At least one pyrotechnic signaling 

device for each liferaft. 

(4) One self-buoyant, water-resistant, 

portable emergency radio signaling de-
vice that is capable of transmission on 
the appropriate emergency frequency 
or frequencies and not dependent upon 
the airplane power supply. 

(5) A lifeline stored in accordance 

with § 25.1411(g) of this chapter. 

(c) A fractional ownership program 

manager under subpart K of this part 
may apply for a deviation from para-
graphs (b)(2) through (5) of this section 
for a particular over water operation or 
the Administrator may amend the 
management specifications to require 
the carriage of all or any specific items 
of the equipment listed in paragraphs 
(b)(2) through (5) of this section. 

(d) The required life rafts, life pre-

servers, and signaling devices must be 
installed in conspicuously marked lo-
cations and easily accessible in the 
event of a ditching without appreciable 
time for preparatory procedures. 

(e) A survival kit, appropriately 

equipped for the route to be flown, 
must be attached to each required life 
raft. 

(f) As used in this section, the term 

shore means that area of the land adja-
cent to the water that is above the 
high water mark and excludes land 
areas that are intermittently under 
water. 

[Doc. No. 18334, 54 FR 34314, Aug. 18, 1989, as 
amended by Amdt. 91–280, 68 FR 54561, Sept. 
17, 2003] 

§ 91.511

Communication and naviga-

tion equipment for overwater oper-
ations. 

(a) Except as provided in paragraphs 

(c), (d), and (f) of this section, no per-
son operating under this subpart may 
take off an airplane for a flight over 
water more than 30 minutes flying 
time or 100 nautical miles from the 
nearest shore unless it has at least the 
following operable equipment: 

(1) Radio communication equipment 

appropriate to the facilities to be used 
and able to transmit to, and receive 
from, at least one communication fa-
cility from any place along the route: 

(i) Two transmitters. 
(ii) Two microphones. 
(iii) Two headsets or one headset and 

one speaker. 

(iv) Two independent receivers. 
(2) Appropriate electronic naviga-

tional equipment consisting of at least 
two independent electronic navigation 
units capable of providing the pilot 
with the information necessary to 
navigate the airplane within the air-
space assigned by air traffic control. 
However, a receiver that can receive 
both communications and required 
navigational signals may be used in 
place of a separate communications re-
ceiver and a separate navigational sig-
nal receiver or unit. 

(b) For the purposes of paragraphs 

(a)(1)(iv) and (a)(2) of this section, a re-
ceiver or electronic navigation unit is 
independent if the function of any part 
of it does not depend on the func-
tioning of any part of another receiver 
or electronic navigation unit. 

(c) Notwithstanding the provisions of 

paragraph (a) of this section, a person 
may operate an airplane on which no 
passengers are carried from a place 
where repairs or replacement cannot be 
made to a place where they can be 
made, if not more than one of each of 
the dual items of radio communication 
and navigational equipment specified 
in paragraphs (a)(1) (i) through (iv) and 
(a)(2) of this section malfunctions or 
becomes inoperative. 

(d) Notwithstanding the provisions of 

paragraph (a) of this section, when 
both VHF and HF communications 
equipment are required for the route 
and the airplane has two VHF trans-
mitters and two VHF receivers for 

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748 

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition) 

§ 91.513 

communications, only one HF trans-
mitter and one HF receiver is required 
for communications. 

(e) As used in this section, the term 

shore means that area of the land adja-
cent to the water which is above the 
high-water mark and excludes land 
areas which are intermittently under 
water. 

(f) Notwithstanding the requirements 

in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, a 
person may operate in the Gulf of Mex-
ico, the Caribbean Sea, and the Atlan-
tic Ocean west of a line which extends 
from 44

°

47

00

″ 

N / 67

°

00

00

″ 

W to 39

°

00

00

″ 

N / 67

°

00

00

″ 

W to 38

°

30

00

″ 

N / 60

°

00

00

″ 

south along the 60

°

00

00

″ 

W longitude 

line to the point where the line inter-
sects with the northern coast of South 
America, when: 

(1) A single long-range navigation 

system is installed, operational, and 
appropriate for the route; and 

(2) Flight conditions and the air-

craft’s capabilities are such that no 
more than a 30-minute gap in two-way 
radio very high frequency communica-
tions is expected to exist. 

[Doc. No. 18334, 54 FR 34314, Aug. 18, 1989, as 
amended by Amdt. 91–249, 61 FR 7190, Feb. 26, 
1996; Amdt. 91–296, 72 FR 31679, June 7, 2007; 
Docket No. FAA–2022–1355, Amdt. No. 91–366, 
87 FR 75846, Dec. 9, 2022] 

§ 91.513

Emergency equipment. 

(a) No person may operate an air-

plane unless it is equipped with the 
emergency equipment listed in this 
section. 

(b) Each item of equipment— 
(1) Must be inspected in accordance 

with § 91.409 to ensure its continued 
serviceability and immediate readiness 
for its intended purposes; 

(2) Must be readily accessible to the 

crew; 

(3) Must clearly indicate its method 

of operation; and 

(4) When carried in a compartment or 

container, must have that compart-
ment or container marked as to con-
tents and date of last inspection. 

(c) Hand fire extinguishers must be 

provided for use in crew, passenger, and 
cargo compartments in accordance 
with the following: 

(1) The type and quantity of extin-

guishing agent must be suitable for the 
kinds of fires likely to occur in the 

compartment where the extinguisher is 
intended to be used. 

(2) At least one hand fire extin-

guisher must be provided and located 
on or near the flight deck in a place 
that is readily accessible to the flight 
crew. 

(3) At least one hand fire extin-

guisher must be conveniently located 
in the passenger compartment of each 
airplane accommodating more than six 
but less than 31 passengers, and at 
least two hand fire extinguishers must 
be conveniently located in the pas-
senger compartment of each airplane 
accommodating more than 30 pas-
sengers. 

(4) Hand fire extinguishers must be 

installed and secured in such a manner 
that they will not interfere with the 
safe operation of the airplane or ad-
versely affect the safety of the crew 
and passengers. They must be readily 
accessible and, unless the locations of 
the fire extinguishers are obvious, 
their stowage provisions must be prop-
erly identified. 

(d) First aid kits for treatment of in-

juries likely to occur in flight or in 
minor accidents must be provided. 

(e) Each airplane accommodating 

more than 19 passengers must be 
equipped with a crash axe. 

(f) Each passenger-carrying airplane 

must have a portable battery-powered 
megaphone or megaphones readily ac-
cessible to the crewmembers assigned 
to direct emergency evacuation, in-
stalled as follows: 

(1) One megaphone on each airplane 

with a seating capacity of more than 60 
but less than 100 passengers, at the 
most rearward location in the pas-
senger cabin where it would be readily 
accessible to a normal flight attendant 
seat. However, the Administrator may 
grant a deviation from the require-
ments of this subparagraph if the Ad-
ministrator finds that a different loca-
tion would be more useful for evacu-
ation of persons during an emergency. 

(2) On each airplane with a seating 

capacity of 100 or more passengers, one 
megaphone installed at the forward end 
and one installed at the most rearward 
location where it would be readily ac-
cessible to a normal flight attendant 
seat. 

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