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Federal Aviation Administration, DOT
§ 91.511
(b) Except as provided in paragraph
(c) of this section, no person may take
off an airplane for flight over water
more than 30 minutes flying time or 100
nautical miles from the nearest shore,
whichever is less, unless it has on
board the following survival equip-
ment:
(1) A life preserver, equipped with an
approved survivor locator light, for
each occupant of the airplane.
(2) Enough liferafts (each equipped
with an approved survival locator
light) of a rated capacity and buoyancy
to accommodate the occupants of the
airplane.
(3) At least one pyrotechnic signaling
device for each liferaft.
(4) One self-buoyant, water-resistant,
portable emergency radio signaling de-
vice that is capable of transmission on
the appropriate emergency frequency
or frequencies and not dependent upon
the airplane power supply.
(5) A lifeline stored in accordance
with § 25.1411(g) of this chapter.
(c) A fractional ownership program
manager under subpart K of this part
may apply for a deviation from para-
graphs (b)(2) through (5) of this section
for a particular over water operation or
the Administrator may amend the
management specifications to require
the carriage of all or any specific items
of the equipment listed in paragraphs
(b)(2) through (5) of this section.
(d) The required life rafts, life pre-
servers, and signaling devices must be
installed in conspicuously marked lo-
cations and easily accessible in the
event of a ditching without appreciable
time for preparatory procedures.
(e) A survival kit, appropriately
equipped for the route to be flown,
must be attached to each required life
raft.
(f) As used in this section, the term
shore means that area of the land adja-
cent to the water that is above the
high water mark and excludes land
areas that are intermittently under
water.
[Doc. No. 18334, 54 FR 34314, Aug. 18, 1989, as
amended by Amdt. 91–280, 68 FR 54561, Sept.
17, 2003]
§ 91.511
Communication and naviga-
tion equipment for overwater oper-
ations.
(a) Except as provided in paragraphs
(c), (d), and (f) of this section, no per-
son operating under this subpart may
take off an airplane for a flight over
water more than 30 minutes flying
time or 100 nautical miles from the
nearest shore unless it has at least the
following operable equipment:
(1) Radio communication equipment
appropriate to the facilities to be used
and able to transmit to, and receive
from, at least one communication fa-
cility from any place along the route:
(i) Two transmitters.
(ii) Two microphones.
(iii) Two headsets or one headset and
one speaker.
(iv) Two independent receivers.
(2) Appropriate electronic naviga-
tional equipment consisting of at least
two independent electronic navigation
units capable of providing the pilot
with the information necessary to
navigate the airplane within the air-
space assigned by air traffic control.
However, a receiver that can receive
both communications and required
navigational signals may be used in
place of a separate communications re-
ceiver and a separate navigational sig-
nal receiver or unit.
(b) For the purposes of paragraphs
(a)(1)(iv) and (a)(2) of this section, a re-
ceiver or electronic navigation unit is
independent if the function of any part
of it does not depend on the func-
tioning of any part of another receiver
or electronic navigation unit.
(c) Notwithstanding the provisions of
paragraph (a) of this section, a person
may operate an airplane on which no
passengers are carried from a place
where repairs or replacement cannot be
made to a place where they can be
made, if not more than one of each of
the dual items of radio communication
and navigational equipment specified
in paragraphs (a)(1) (i) through (iv) and
(a)(2) of this section malfunctions or
becomes inoperative.
(d) Notwithstanding the provisions of
paragraph (a) of this section, when
both VHF and HF communications
equipment are required for the route
and the airplane has two VHF trans-
mitters and two VHF receivers for
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748
14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition)
§ 91.513
communications, only one HF trans-
mitter and one HF receiver is required
for communications.
(e) As used in this section, the term
shore means that area of the land adja-
cent to the water which is above the
high-water mark and excludes land
areas which are intermittently under
water.
(f) Notwithstanding the requirements
in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, a
person may operate in the Gulf of Mex-
ico, the Caribbean Sea, and the Atlan-
tic Ocean west of a line which extends
from 44
°
47
′
00
″
N / 67
°
00
′
00
″
W to 39
°
00
′
00
″
N / 67
°
00
′
00
″
W to 38
°
30
′
00
″
N / 60
°
00
′
00
″
W
south along the 60
°
00
′
00
″
W longitude
line to the point where the line inter-
sects with the northern coast of South
America, when:
(1) A single long-range navigation
system is installed, operational, and
appropriate for the route; and
(2) Flight conditions and the air-
craft’s capabilities are such that no
more than a 30-minute gap in two-way
radio very high frequency communica-
tions is expected to exist.
[Doc. No. 18334, 54 FR 34314, Aug. 18, 1989, as
amended by Amdt. 91–249, 61 FR 7190, Feb. 26,
1996; Amdt. 91–296, 72 FR 31679, June 7, 2007;
Docket No. FAA–2022–1355, Amdt. No. 91–366,
87 FR 75846, Dec. 9, 2022]
§ 91.513
Emergency equipment.
(a) No person may operate an air-
plane unless it is equipped with the
emergency equipment listed in this
section.
(b) Each item of equipment—
(1) Must be inspected in accordance
with § 91.409 to ensure its continued
serviceability and immediate readiness
for its intended purposes;
(2) Must be readily accessible to the
crew;
(3) Must clearly indicate its method
of operation; and
(4) When carried in a compartment or
container, must have that compart-
ment or container marked as to con-
tents and date of last inspection.
(c) Hand fire extinguishers must be
provided for use in crew, passenger, and
cargo compartments in accordance
with the following:
(1) The type and quantity of extin-
guishing agent must be suitable for the
kinds of fires likely to occur in the
compartment where the extinguisher is
intended to be used.
(2) At least one hand fire extin-
guisher must be provided and located
on or near the flight deck in a place
that is readily accessible to the flight
crew.
(3) At least one hand fire extin-
guisher must be conveniently located
in the passenger compartment of each
airplane accommodating more than six
but less than 31 passengers, and at
least two hand fire extinguishers must
be conveniently located in the pas-
senger compartment of each airplane
accommodating more than 30 pas-
sengers.
(4) Hand fire extinguishers must be
installed and secured in such a manner
that they will not interfere with the
safe operation of the airplane or ad-
versely affect the safety of the crew
and passengers. They must be readily
accessible and, unless the locations of
the fire extinguishers are obvious,
their stowage provisions must be prop-
erly identified.
(d) First aid kits for treatment of in-
juries likely to occur in flight or in
minor accidents must be provided.
(e) Each airplane accommodating
more than 19 passengers must be
equipped with a crash axe.
(f) Each passenger-carrying airplane
must have a portable battery-powered
megaphone or megaphones readily ac-
cessible to the crewmembers assigned
to direct emergency evacuation, in-
stalled as follows:
(1) One megaphone on each airplane
with a seating capacity of more than 60
but less than 100 passengers, at the
most rearward location in the pas-
senger cabin where it would be readily
accessible to a normal flight attendant
seat. However, the Administrator may
grant a deviation from the require-
ments of this subparagraph if the Ad-
ministrator finds that a different loca-
tion would be more useful for evacu-
ation of persons during an emergency.
(2) On each airplane with a seating
capacity of 100 or more passengers, one
megaphone installed at the forward end
and one installed at the most rearward
location where it would be readily ac-
cessible to a normal flight attendant
seat.
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