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750 

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–24 Edition) 

§ 91.521 

each passenger and must contain infor-
mation that is pertinent only to the 
type and model airplane on which it is 
used. 

(d) For operations under subpart K of 

this part, the passenger briefing re-
quirements of § 91.1035 apply, instead of 
the requirements of paragraphs (a) 
through (c) of this section. 

[Doc. No. 18334, 54 FR 34314, Aug. 18, 1989, as 
amended by Amdt. 91–231, 57 FR 42672, Sept. 
15, 1992; Amdt. 91–280, 68 FR 54561, Sept. 17, 
2003] 

§ 91.521

Shoulder harness. 

(a) No person may operate a trans-

port category airplane that was type 
certificated after January 1, 1958, un-
less it is equipped at each seat at a 
flight deck station with a combined 
safety belt and shoulder harness that 
meets the applicable requirements 
specified in § 25.785 of this chapter, ex-
cept that— 

(1) Shoulder harnesses and combined 

safety belt and shoulder harnesses that 
were approved and installed before 
March 6, 1980, may continue to be used; 
and 

(2) Safety belt and shoulder harness 

restraint systems may be designed to 
the inertia load factors established 
under the certification basis of the air-
plane. 

(b) No person may operate a trans-

port category airplane unless it is 
equipped at each required flight at-
tendant seat in the passenger compart-
ment with a combined safety belt and 
shoulder harness that meets the appli-
cable requirements specified in § 25.785 
of this chapter, except that— 

(1) Shoulder harnesses and combined 

safety belt and shoulder harnesses that 
were approved and installed before 
March 6, 1980, may continue to be used; 
and 

(2) Safety belt and shoulder harness 

restraint systems may be designed to 
the inertia load factors established 
under the certification basis of the air-
plane. 

§ 91.523

Carry-on baggage. 

No pilot in command of an airplane 

having a seating capacity of more than 
19 passengers may permit a passenger 
to stow baggage aboard that airplane 
except— 

(a) In a suitable baggage or cargo 

storage compartment, or as provided in 
§ 91.525; or 

(b) Under a passenger seat in such a 

way that it will not slide forward under 
crash impacts severe enough to induce 
the ultimate inertia forces specified in 
§ 25.561(b)(3) of this chapter, or the re-
quirements of the regulations under 
which the airplane was type certifi-
cated. Restraining devices must also 
limit sideward motion of under-seat 
baggage and be designed to withstand 
crash impacts severe enough to induce 
sideward forces specified in § 25.561(b)(3) 
of this chapter. 

§ 91.525

Carriage of cargo. 

(a) No pilot in command may permit 

cargo to be carried in any airplane un-
less— 

(1) It is carried in an approved cargo 

rack, bin, or compartment installed in 
the airplane; 

(2) It is secured by means approved 

by the Administrator; or 

(3) It is carried in accordance with 

each of the following: 

(i) It is properly secured by a safety 

belt or other tiedown having enough 
strength to eliminate the possibility of 
shifting under all normally anticipated 
flight and ground conditions. 

(ii) It is packaged or covered to avoid 

possible injury to passengers. 

(iii) It does not impose any load on 

seats or on the floor structure that ex-
ceeds the load limitation for those 
components. 

(iv) It is not located in a position 

that restricts the access to or use of 
any required emergency or regular 
exit, or the use of the aisle between the 
crew and the passenger compartment. 

(v) It is not carried directly above 

seated passengers. 

(b) When cargo is carried in cargo 

compartments that are designed to re-
quire the physical entry of a crew-
member to extinguish any fire that 
may occur during flight, the cargo 
must be loaded so as to allow a crew-
member to effectively reach all parts 
of the compartment with the contents 
of a hand fire extinguisher. 

§ 91.527

Operating in icing conditions. 

(a) No pilot may take off an airplane 

that has frost, ice, or snow adhering to 

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751 

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 

§ 91.531 

any propeller, windshield, stabilizing 
or control surface; to a powerplant in-
stallation; or to an airspeed, altimeter, 
rate of climb, or flight attitude instru-
ment system or wing, except that take-
offs may be made with frost under the 
wing in the area of the fuel tanks if au-
thorized by the FAA. 

(b) No pilot may fly under IFR into 

known or forecast light or moderate 
icing conditions, or under VFR into 
known light or moderate icing condi-
tions, unless— 

(1) The aircraft has functioning deic-

ing or anti-icing equipment protecting 
each rotor blade, propeller, windshield, 
wing, stabilizing or control surface, 
and each airspeed, altimeter, rate of 
climb, or flight attitude instrument 
system; 

(2) The airplane has ice protection 

provisions that meet section 34 of Spe-
cial Federal Aviation Regulation No. 
23; or 

(3) The airplane meets transport cat-

egory airplane type certification provi-
sions, including the requirements for 
certification for flight in icing condi-
tions. 

(c) Except for an airplane that has 

ice protection provisions that meet the 
requirements in section 34 of Special 
Federal Aviation Regulation No. 23, or 
those for transport category airplane 
type certification, no pilot may fly an 
airplane into known or forecast severe 
icing conditions. 

(d) If current weather reports and 

briefing information relied upon by the 
pilot in command indicate that the 
forecast icing conditions that would 
otherwise prohibit the flight will not 
be encountered during the flight be-
cause of changed weather conditions 
since the forecast, the restrictions in 
paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section 
based on forecast conditions do not 
apply. 

[Doc. No. 18334, 54 FR 34314, Aug. 18, 1989, as 
amended by Amdt. 91–310, 74 FR 62696, Dec. 1, 
2009] 

§ 91.529

Flight engineer requirements. 

(a) No person may operate the fol-

lowing airplanes without a flight crew-
member holding a current flight engi-
neer certificate: 

(1) An airplane for which a type cer-

tificate was issued before January 2, 

1964, having a maximum certificated 
takeoff weight of more than 80,000 
pounds. 

(2) An airplane type certificated after 

January 1, 1964, for which a flight engi-
neer is required by the type certifi-
cation requirements. 

(b) No person may serve as a required 

flight engineer on an airplane unless, 
within the preceding 6 calendar 
months, that person has had at least 50 
hours of flight time as a flight engineer 
on that type airplane or has been 
checked by the Administrator on that 
type airplane and is found to be famil-
iar and competent with all essential 
current information and operating pro-
cedures. 

§ 91.531

Second in command require-

ments. 

(a) Except as provided in paragraph 

(b) of this section, no person may oper-
ate the following airplanes without a 
pilot designated as second in command: 

(1) Any airplane that is type certifi-

cated for more than one required pilot. 

(2) Any large airplane. 
(3) Any commuter category airplane. 
(b) A person may operate the fol-

lowing airplanes without a pilot des-
ignated as second in command: 

(1) Any airplane certificated for oper-

ation with one pilot. 

(2) A large airplane or turbojet-pow-

ered multiengine airplane that holds a 
special airworthiness certificate, if: 

(i) The airplane was originally de-

signed with only one pilot station; or 

(ii) The airplane was originally de-

signed with more than one pilot sta-
tion, but single pilot operations were 
permitted by the airplane flight man-
ual or were otherwise permitted by a 
branch of the United States Armed 
Forces or the armed forces of a foreign 
contracting State to the Convention on 
International Civil Aviation. 

(c) No person may designate a pilot 

to serve as second in command, nor 
may any pilot serve as second in com-
mand, of an airplane required under 
this section to have two pilots unless 
that pilot meets the qualifications for 
second in command prescribed in § 61.55 
of this chapter. 

[Docket FAA–2016–6142, Amdt. 91–351, 83 FR 
30282, June 27, 2018] 

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