751 

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 

§ 91.531 

any propeller, windshield, stabilizing 
or control surface; to a powerplant in-
stallation; or to an airspeed, altimeter, 
rate of climb, or flight attitude instru-
ment system or wing, except that take-
offs may be made with frost under the 
wing in the area of the fuel tanks if au-
thorized by the FAA. 

(b) No pilot may fly under IFR into 

known or forecast light or moderate 
icing conditions, or under VFR into 
known light or moderate icing condi-
tions, unless— 

(1) The aircraft has functioning deic-

ing or anti-icing equipment protecting 
each rotor blade, propeller, windshield, 
wing, stabilizing or control surface, 
and each airspeed, altimeter, rate of 
climb, or flight attitude instrument 
system; 

(2) The airplane has ice protection 

provisions that meet section 34 of Spe-
cial Federal Aviation Regulation No. 
23; or 

(3) The airplane meets transport cat-

egory airplane type certification provi-
sions, including the requirements for 
certification for flight in icing condi-
tions. 

(c) Except for an airplane that has 

ice protection provisions that meet the 
requirements in section 34 of Special 
Federal Aviation Regulation No. 23, or 
those for transport category airplane 
type certification, no pilot may fly an 
airplane into known or forecast severe 
icing conditions. 

(d) If current weather reports and 

briefing information relied upon by the 
pilot in command indicate that the 
forecast icing conditions that would 
otherwise prohibit the flight will not 
be encountered during the flight be-
cause of changed weather conditions 
since the forecast, the restrictions in 
paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section 
based on forecast conditions do not 
apply. 

[Doc. No. 18334, 54 FR 34314, Aug. 18, 1989, as 
amended by Amdt. 91–310, 74 FR 62696, Dec. 1, 
2009] 

§ 91.529

Flight engineer requirements. 

(a) No person may operate the fol-

lowing airplanes without a flight crew-
member holding a current flight engi-
neer certificate: 

(1) An airplane for which a type cer-

tificate was issued before January 2, 

1964, having a maximum certificated 
takeoff weight of more than 80,000 
pounds. 

(2) An airplane type certificated after 

January 1, 1964, for which a flight engi-
neer is required by the type certifi-
cation requirements. 

(b) No person may serve as a required 

flight engineer on an airplane unless, 
within the preceding 6 calendar 
months, that person has had at least 50 
hours of flight time as a flight engineer 
on that type airplane or has been 
checked by the Administrator on that 
type airplane and is found to be famil-
iar and competent with all essential 
current information and operating pro-
cedures. 

§ 91.531

Second in command require-

ments. 

(a) Except as provided in paragraph 

(b) of this section, no person may oper-
ate the following airplanes without a 
pilot designated as second in command: 

(1) Any airplane that is type certifi-

cated for more than one required pilot. 

(2) Any large airplane. 
(3) Any commuter category airplane. 
(b) A person may operate the fol-

lowing airplanes without a pilot des-
ignated as second in command: 

(1) Any airplane certificated for oper-

ation with one pilot. 

(2) A large airplane or turbojet-pow-

ered multiengine airplane that holds a 
special airworthiness certificate, if: 

(i) The airplane was originally de-

signed with only one pilot station; or 

(ii) The airplane was originally de-

signed with more than one pilot sta-
tion, but single pilot operations were 
permitted by the airplane flight man-
ual or were otherwise permitted by a 
branch of the United States Armed 
Forces or the armed forces of a foreign 
contracting State to the Convention on 
International Civil Aviation. 

(c) No person may designate a pilot 

to serve as second in command, nor 
may any pilot serve as second in com-
mand, of an airplane required under 
this section to have two pilots unless 
that pilot meets the qualifications for 
second in command prescribed in § 61.55 
of this chapter. 

[Docket FAA–2016–6142, Amdt. 91–351, 83 FR 
30282, June 27, 2018] 

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